r rr *C;>- . !l • • • .• .1 A; ■. • ; VZL ANNALS OK THK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTOliY OF NEW YORK. - VOLUME IX. ^Ccu) fork : L870. OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM. 1870. prrsiotnt. JOHN S. NEWBEB B V ire- presidents. THOS. EGLESTOX. B. N. MARTIN. tforrrsponbinq §crrct.irn. ROBERT DINWIDDIE. iicroriiing f crrctanr. ROBERT H . BROW X N E . (Treasurer. TEMPLE PRIME. Committee of publication. JOHN 8. x i;\v i: F. i: i: v. GEO. X. LAWRENCE, CHA8 P. CHANDLER, TEMPLE PRIME, II . C ABB INO TON BO CONTEXTS of tiik NINTH VOLUM E. BY PROFESSOR ALEXANDER M\>s\7.. Note on Loven's Article on " Leskia mirabilis, Gray." BY W. G. BINNKY and THOMAS BLAND. Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca V- ' BY THOMAS BLAND. Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, with Descriptions of N< Additional Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Land Shells in the West Indies BY II. C. BOLTON. Index to the Literature of Uranium r.Y A. I). BROWN. Note on Bulimus ciliatus, Gould BY. W. A. DALL. Ox the Genus Pompholyx and its Allies, with a revision of thi I of Authors i;y a. m. EDWARDa Results of a Microscopical Examination of Specimens of Sand obtai from an Artesian Well BY H. ENDEKANN and O. LOEW. On the Earth contained in the Zircons of North Carolina BY. GEORGE N. LAWR1 Si E A CATALOGUE of the BIRDS found in Co List of a Collection of Birds from Northern Yucatan CATALOGUE of Birds from Puna LlanL Gulf I ' ntenU. BY .i. & m.\vi;i i. PA I Extinct] i of North America, with Descriptions ( .f - .: ... v .■. S es of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiai i 1 Basin of th< Greal Lakes, and the Valley nf the Mississippi 'Jr.! m li.i.ii*! poi v. I; l"i-li of Cuba belonging to the Genus Trisotropis, with an Introductory Note by J. Carson Breyoort 301 Note on the Hermaphroditism of Piah 309 - of Cuban Fish 317 BY TEMPLE ri'.iMi;. ■ - applied t<> Pisidinm, a genus of Corbiculadaa 276 ■ ■>"(' MolluBca found in the vicinity of North Conway, tf< Hampshire 280 3p» es of tbe Family Corbiculadse, with Figures 298 BY i mi.i.m \\ r. ROBINSON. ; u m \i. Miscellanies 152, 310 BY PAUL m II w I.IT/.KK. <»\ ". Phosphoric Acid ; its history, ite modes of separation from jquioxyds, principally from Sesquioxyd <>f [ron, and itsestima- i 158 r.'i SANDERSON -mi I II and I I MlM.i: I'KIMK. I ..ii tin- Mollusca of Long Island, N. Y.. and oi its Dependencies, -rr BY I Ml. i. \. I I.I I.K W1IT. M l>. ed ■■■: the Eyes of Amblyopsis spelaeus 150 i:v i.e. -.,'i ii.k. ins on a ' Chalchihuitbi from I LIST OF PLATES, VOL IX. Plate 1.— Fig. 1. ■ -v ■ Euphanma mendica. 2. Euphanessa unicolor. 3. OUgostigma albalis. 4. Catadysta Hft iscidUs. 5. Eromene texana. 6. Deprma/ria dnereocostdla. 7. Depr* Maria atrodorsdla. 8. Deprma/ria piUvipeni 9. Depressaria lecontdla. 10. D&pressaria QroU Ua. Plate 2. — Dissection of Pompholyx. Yar. solida, Dall. For explanation, see page 300 of text. ANNALS OP THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY I. — Notes on the Later Erf 'met Floras of North A Descriptions of some Nevj Species of Fossil PI Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata. By J. S. Newberry. Read April 22d, 1 The Cbetaceous Flora oi Nobtb Amii;i< \. Iris only within the last ten years that we have obtained any information whatever in regard to the nature of tin tation which clothed the land that represented North A during the Cretaceous period. Previous to thai time I. collections of fossils had been made from rocks of I the Atlantic and Gulf co >ut the beds which fur them were marine sediment-, and the fossils tlie\ were principally mollnsks and radiates, but included ah ments of skeletons of Cretaceous saurians, Mo sauruS) &c, and teeth of Ptycho ichian fish. In tl remains there was found a generic correspond of the middle and upper Cretaceous beds of the 01 I \ many species were rec I as tl L855, Dr. 1". V. Hayden made thi journeys into the country bordering the npp r Mi have resulted in such important contrib of the geology of the interior of the continent A- this 1 aprir. 1868, 1 '2 Later Extinct Floras of North America^ he was connected as Geologist and Naturalist with an explor- ing party Bent ont by the War Department under command of Lieut (now Gen.) G. K. Warren, Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. S. A. In the great mass of interesting materials brought by Dr. Hayden, were a number of angiospermous leaves obtained from a red Bandstone lying at the base of the Cretaceous for- mation at Blackbird Bill, in Nebraska. Outline sketches of some of i!i"-' leaves were senl to the distinguished fossil Bot- anist, Prof. Oswald lien-, of Zurich, Switzerland. By him they were pronounced of Miocene age, and referred to the genera La ■ •. Populus, Liriodendro7i, &c. ; a narrow lanceo- late leaf, being considered identical with Laurm primi Ung. ; a broad rounded one, with Populus /.<>'<■<. Ong., both found in the Miocene of Europe. At the Bame time the fossils themselves were submitted to me for examination, and, regard- ing thi sailed Populua I nerically identical with some large rounded leaves described by Zenker from the t taceous Bandstone of Blankenburg, Germany, 1 considered this florula as of Cretaceous age— confirming the conclusions of M • -. Meek and Hayden, who on other evidence had referred the deposit from which they came to that period. The plant calhd Louyub primigenia by Prof. Beer, I considered a Salix, and the other leavi representing the genera Platanus, Populus, Fagus, Liriodendron^ Sassafras, Magnolia^&a. Un- fortunately, Prof. lie. t had only Bketches, and those of bul part of these leaves ; and while I had the specimens all before me, I had no specimens of the Cretaceous flora of Europe, but only figures and descriptions of the comparatively few leaves u j > to that time found in this formation by Zenk< r, Dr. Debey, nd others. I' was therefore quite impossible that we ild then make an intelligent com pari on of the two floras. I mized among these plant: bj Prof. Beer and in\ (forthemosl part, living in our foi and largely ■•■',■ M I lurope. It is not surprising, with Descriptions of New Sj therefore, that Prof. Ileer Bhould have c red them of! tiary age, and that this opinion should be Bhared by many othi Soon after the discovery of these plants by Dr. Eayden, ho went again to Nebraska and Kansas, accompanied by Mr. Meek, and collected from various exposures of Lowcj ! ous sandstone numerous additional specimens of the same and different species. Subsequently, I went myself to I where these were collected, and spent Bome years in the Btudy of the geology of the interior of the continent, exploring n In area occupied by Cretaceous rocks, in Kansas, I Ari- zona, New Mexico, and Utah. During these exploral tained from the Cretaceous strata, at a greal number of localil angiospermous leaves, consisting of some of the by Dr. Hayden, with many others, all of which are in the report of the San Juan expedition, no publish In numerous instances, as Dr. Hayden had done, I ol these leaves from the sandstones overlaid by calcai containing Gryphom Pitcheri, Inoceramus pi ' "i' 1 many other unmistakable Cretaceous fossils. Thee found to be characteristic of the strata in which I discovered, and was able to obtain them at m sure which I examined. In the end I had before me, by Dr: Hayden and myself, at least fifty distil leaves of this character from this horizon, with lY.< scarcely sufficient for description, of perhaps as many Though Mr. Meek, Dr. Hayden and myself had thu strated the true position first taken by us in of the beds which furnish these leaves, the flora th( ted was so modern in its character thai tl tol 2 were still unwilling admil I ing older than Tertiary ; and i Marcou and Prof. Oapellini mad. braska, and collected fossils from I yielded tl..: ' ; and Hayden, tht that this flora was reall 4 Later Exti I • North Ann ri The plants collected by Messrs. Marcou and Capellini em- braced it species, which have been described by Prof. Heer In the " Memoires de la Society Eelvetique des Sciences Naturelles, L866;" viz.: Populus litigiosa, P. Debeyana, Salix . Betuli lenticidata, Ficus primordiaUs, Plar : Y, wbt rryana, Prat oidi s gn viUimformis, P. acuta, P. dapl '■'■■-. Aristolochites dentata, Andromeda Parlatorii, ros primmva, Gissites insignia, Magnolia alternans, M. ' , ii and Liriod ndron M< < kti. It is an interesting fact that ofthese sixteen species, but three identical with those obtained before from the same quarries, or those collected by myself elsewhere at the same geological horizon — an illustration of the richness of the flora which they represent. My own observations prove this richness still more .-. as I have said, in the outcrops of the Lower Creta- me rocks at the West, I have detected al least a hundred spec conifers and angiospermous trees. Of these it rarely hap that, in the chance exposure of a cliff or water-washed surface, anything like a perfect specimen could be detached and brought away. A.8 a consequence we have, in the figures and descriptions now published or prepared, but a very imper- fect view of the flora of the Cretaceous period <>n this conti- nent, even as ii lias 1 M exhibited to my eyes; and there is every reason to believe that but a small proportion of its ele- ments have as yet been obsen ed at all. On the western margin of the continent it i- well known that th" ( 'retaceous Btrata are quite largely de\ eloped : having sognized in Sonora, California, Oregon, Washington I i iry, and Vancouver's Island. From the latter locality a number of fossil plants have been collected, which been described by Prof. Heer, Mr. Lesquereux, or myself. I knov ledge which we obtained of 'he < 'retaceous beds of\ Island was derived from the descriptions bj M , Me< [Ynneactione of the Alhan\ Institute, vol. 4, p.37) <>t' Borne fossil mollii6ks collected by Dr. Turner. Subsequently, with Descriptions of Nt w S^< ou s of Fossil I ' ' in 1S58, the collections made by the United Stal Boundary Commission were placed in my hands for examina- tion. These included fossil plants from the coal beds Nanaimo, Vancouver's Island, which were associated with Inoeeramus, Pholadomya, etc., before described by Mr. and which plainly indicated their Cretaceous age. These pla were described by the writer in In;:; (Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. 7, No. 4c). Previous to that time the fossil plants collected by Dr. Evans, United States <<< ologist for Territory of Oregon, were committed to Mr. 1.. Lesqn< reux, the well-known Botanist, who published descriptions of them in the American Journal of Science, of these the following were from Nanaimo, viz. : Pojpulus rhomboidea, I. 3qx. Quercus Benzoin, Quercus mvltinervis, : Quercus platinervis, Salix Islandicus, Cinnamomuin //> ■ rii, Fie us sp. with which are enumerated, but not described in full, Platanus with the same nervation as Quercusplati Chamaerop>s agreeing with Sabal Lamanonis, Berg in the European Miocene, a very fine ScUisburia, very \ ■■ i in the outline of its leaves, and named Salisburi > p < J ;, also a small piece of a tern referable to the genua / a Sequoia probably identical with S. ft mp rvi) The Bellingham Bay plants described by Mr. I consisted of species of Smilax, Quercus^ /' Persoonia, Diospyros, and Acer. By Mr. I plant-bearing strata of Bellingham Hay and V were regarded as of the Bame age, and from of the species they contain to those found in the M Europe, he prononnced them to xxvii., p. 362). In a subs gn< ol ■ 6 /. ' . Ebsiinci Floras of North Amen , iea i Journal of Science (vol. xxviii., p. 85), is published a letter from Prof. Beer upon these plants, of which sketches had been ■ him by Mr. Lesquereux. In these notes the extinct flora of Vancouver's Island and Bellingham Bay are considered of the same age, and brought still nearer the Miocene of Europe ; quite a number of species being regarded as identical with those fonnd at < >eningen, &c. Since that time a collection of fossil plants made by Dr. C. B. Wood, at Nanaimo, V. I., and at Buzzard's Inlet, British Columbia, was sent by Dr. Hooker to Prof. Heer for examina- tion. From the coal mine at Nanaimo but a Bingle species of this collection was obtained; a conifer, considered by Prof. Beer as identical with Sequoia Langsdorfi, Br. s-j ... a spec common in the Miocene of Europe. From these facts it will ii that the modern aspeel of the fossil flora of Van- couver's Island has produced the same misapprehensions as the ( 'retaceous flora of Nebraska. This, however, Is not to be won- dered at. and conveys no reproach to the eminent scientific i who have been misled by it. The identification of Bpecies by few ami fragmentary specimens, or >till worse by sketcl ie :i difficult and hazardous task for any one to perform : and in ird to the generic relations of the plants described, it can only be -aid that previous to the discovery of such i lern genera ;i- Liriodendron, Magnolia, Sassafras, &c, in the On oua rocks, they were naturally regarded as belonging to the present or Tertiary flora. It is also true thai the flora of the Cretaceous period in the old World has until recently b considered, from the number of Oycads it includes, as a con- tinuation of the Jurassic flora; and it contain- East Indian forms, none of which have as yel been discovered on this con- tinent. There i- no more doubt, however, that the plant-bear ing strata of Vancouver's bland are Cretaceous, than in regard i«. those of Nebraska. A ^ery large number of Cretaceous Husks have been collected, both in the overlying beds ami ih"-e containing the plpnts, as was stated by the writer in with Descriptions of y,/r Sj '//'/,, ~ 18G3, in the report on the fossils collected by the 1' oum Ian- Commission. As regards the strata containing the plants and coal of B lingham Bay, further observations and collections musl In- made there before the question can be said to be definitely settled. Mr. Gabb, palaeontologist to the California . survey, who has recently visited Bellingham Bay, has been led by the molluscous fossils obtained there' to consider all the coal-bearing series of that district as Cretaceous. If this b< there has been some error in the labelling of Bpi which have come into my hands professedly from " Bellingham Bay." Some of them are unquestionably Miocene, for they inch Glyptostrobus Europmus, Tar,, ilium, occidentals, and plants found in the Miocene strata of Dacotah and Montana. The truth probably is that both formations are represented al or near Bellingham Bay. The coal of Coose Bay and the fossiliferous strata at Astoria are known to be Mioci are also the plant-bearing beds at Birch Bay and Buzzard's Inlet, and I have lately received a beautiful collection of Miocene plants from a locality not far distant in the interior. From Orcas Island, which occupies an intermedial | ion between Bellingham Bay and Vancouver's feland, a collection of plants was made by Mr. George Gibbfl of the Boundary Commission, in which the species are, with perhaps i tion, different from those obtained from the other two lo mentioned. These include ferns, palmsand broad-leaved pin described in the report to which I have alluded, are referred to the Cretaceous period. Combining the contributions thus made toour : the Cretaceous flora, and referring to this lorn. now know to belong there, we have the follow and species : N. A. C: us Plants now or kith Populus rhomboidea, I- 8 Later Extinct Floras of North America Salix Islandica, Quercus Benzoin, Quercue multinervis, Quercna platinervis, ( Sinnamomum Heerii, Sali6buria polymorpha, A.6pidium Kennerlii, S bal sp. Taxodium cuneatum, Ficus (?) cuneatns, TaeniopteriB Gibbsii, Sphenopterisj A-]>lniium)clongata,' Populua 1 tebeyana, P. I^tigiosa, Salix nervillosa, Platanu8 Newberryana, A.ndromeda Parlatorii, Diospyros primseva, Phyllites Yannonse, A.ristoloehit< b di nis, Ficus primordialiH, Magnolia alternans, M. < lapellinii, Liriodendron Meekii, Bi tuliti - denticulata, Proteoid* - daphnogenoides, P. acuta, P. grevilliseformis, Legiimin Marconau Sapotacitee I [aydenii, Populue cyclophylla, I'iivl cordatue, Ba ftfraa cretaceum, Liriodendron primsevuin, // ' / ( <^U, Lesqx. Nanaimo. a a .. « • t. .. « t( u Newb. u a a a c< .. Orcas Is. a « ata," « Heer Nebraska. K « U « U « i; u u K .. U .. (( C( .. u .. u .. .. .. u .. .. .. .. CI .. .. .. ■ . .. .. .. .. . .. .. (( Newb. .i .. u with Descriptions of JVJ w Sped s of F< ssil Plan Araucaria spatulata, Newb. V braska Qnercns salicifolia, u .. Magn olia rotundi folia. ({ .. Platanus latiloba, (( .. Fagus cretacea, a .. Sphenopteris corrugata. u .. Pyrus (?) cretacea, .. .. Populus elliptica, u >. P. raicrophylla, u .. P. cordifolia, u <( Acerites pristinus, << .. Alnites grand ifolia, a .. Salix flexnosa, (< u S. cuneata, a <( S. membranacea, « « Qnercns antiqua, a s. I'tah. Quercns sinnata, a .. Cupressites Cookii, a New Jer From this list it will be seen that the Cretaceous atrata of the west coast include some forms not yet discovered in the Kansas and Nebraska beds. Among these, Salisburia, Sabal, Cinnamomum, &c, are indicative of a warmer climate. P< bly these genera may hereafter be detected in the plan! of Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico, but as ye! we have □ i intimation of their existence, and there is nothing n >wn in the Cretaceous flora of that region which gives it a tropical or even sub-tropical character. It will be remembered that this vegetation grew npon :i broad continental surface, of which the central portion considerably elevated. This would give us physical conditi not unlike those of the continent al the preseni would seem to be inevitable thai the isothermal lim mid be curved over the surface somewhat as al | very well happen, therefore, that we shall find the p and cinnamons restricted to the Western margin of th I 10 /■ ' i /■' tinct 1 Worth America, continent. It will b by the notes now given of the Ter- tiary flora of onr continent, that, at a later date, palms grew in the same region where these Cretaceous plants are found; but cinnamons and other tropical plants seem to be entirely ■want- ing in the Tertiary flora of the central part of the continent, while «'ii the wesl coast both palms and cinnamons lived during the Tertiary period as far north as the British line. We have therefore negative evidence from the facts, though it may be reversed at an early day by further observations, that the cli- mate of the interior of our continent during the Tertiary i - somewhat warmer than at the beginning of the Cretaceous 1 i ri< d, and that during both the same relative differences of climate prevailed between the central and western portions that exist at the present : ; The specimens of this fossil collected by Dr. Hayden are fragmentary and imperfect, but quite sufficient to show it to different from any described species. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous strata, Black- bird Hill. Nebraska. 1 1 >r. Eayden.) Araacaria spatnlata. (n.sp.) Tli<- onlj specimi n of this beautiful species contained in the col- lections of Dr. Hayden, h a fragment of a branch nearlj hall' an inch in diameter. On this the leaves arc thickly set, theif bases htlj decurrcnt, being scarcely separated from each other. From these bases, tin- leaves radiate in all directions, and are slightly curved. Tbej arc half an inch in length, broadly Bpathulate, ob- . and narrowed at the base. Along the medial line pass< s a « I i >■ tin.-t carina, which vanishes towards the apex. I i all living or fosail specie-, this b< very clearly dis- hed by the form of the l< '' i pi of .1 rau- with Descriptions of JVt w Species of Fossil Pla 1 1 carites have been described from the Cretaceous formatioi . which descriptions are before me: A. acuti folios Endl. and .1. crassifolius Endl. (Synops. Conif. p. 301); neither of which has spathulate leaves. There is little doubt that this was a true Araucaria^ and ool very unlike, in its general aspects, some species now living. It is also probable that these trees formed extensive fori I on the land during the Chalk period, as I have found the I taceous strata in some localities in the Wesl Literally filled with large trunks of coniferous trees, many of which have rather J !u- structure of Araucaria than of Pi mix, Abies or Jump although all these genera were represented at thai epoch. Formation and Locality. Upper Cretaceous strata, Sage Creek, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.) Nyssa veteista. (n.sp.) Leaves large, obovate, entire, thick and smooth, pointed and slightly decurrenton the petiole; nervation strong; midrib Btraight and extending to the summit; lateral nerves pinnate, sel at some- what unequal distances, straight and parallel below, forked and inosculating above, forming a festoon parallel with the margin; tertiary nerves forming an irregular network of polygonal and rela- tively large areoles. Of this species there are numerous specimens in the colli tions made by Dr. Hayden in as good preservation as the ma terial in which they arc fossilized will permit. The nervation is strongly marked, and all its more prominenl characti appreciable in the fossil as they were in the fresh ! nervation, consistence, and outline these leaves are almost mm- distinguishable from those of the " Pepperidgi " fiord). The primary and secondary nervation of of Magnolia also exhibit a strong resemblance to that <>\' tl fossils, but a less complete correspondence than Nyssa pi Without the fruit, or at least lea v.- pr< ilia- ceous sediment in which the finer detaiU of nervatioi 12 Later Extinct Floras of North Ameri* given, the affinity si 1 must be lered to some extent conjectural. Formation and Locality. Red ferruginous sandstone of Lower On is formation, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. i [ay den. * Pyrus cretacea. (n. sp.) Leavt - petioled, small, roundish-oval or elliptical, often Blightly emarginate, entire or finely serrate; medial aerve strong below, rapidly diminishing toward tjie summil : lateral nerves lour or five pahs w itli intermediate smaller ones, diverging from the midrib at unequal angles, curved toward the summits, where they anastomose in a series of arches parallel with the margin ; tertiary nerves forming a network of which the areola- are somewhat elongated. There are a number of leaves in the collection, of which the characters, as far as they arc; discernible, agree more closely with those of the species of Pyrus than with any other with which I have compared them. All the traces of their origi- nal structure which remain, however, are quite insufficient to permit their generic limitation to l" 1 determined with any de- gree of certainty. The leaves of many of the allied genera of the Rosacea have so much in common, that even with the Leaves of the living plants it would be difficult, if not impossi- ble, to -emirate them. The fossils before us are, however, very characteristic of the formation which contains them, and for that reason require notice, and a- far as practicable description. There are several other leaves in the collection which seem to me io have belonged to Rosaceous tree-, and there is per- haps no apriori improbability that Pyrus began its existence on this continent with its and companions in our forests of the present daj . Formation r. 1 [ayden. » liirioili'iiilron priiiiu'vimi. (n. pi I.' ree-lobed, upper lobe emarginate, all the lobes round- nervation delicate, principal nerve straight or slightly curved, with Descriptions of New Sp< c& s oj 1 13 terminating in the sinus of the superior Lobe; secondary nei gently arching upward, simple or forked near the extremities, a few more delicate ones alternating with the stronger. This leaf is considerably larger tlian that of /.. Hfeehii Beer., less deeply lobed, and the lobes more broadly rounded. In it- general aspect this species approaches much nearer the living tulip-tree, and the Tertiary species of Europe i /.. Procaa TTng.), than that described by Professor Eeer from the coll tions of Dr. Hayden (L. Meekii). The leave- of the former species are, however, generally more deeply lobed, and tin- lobes are acute, but I have collected leave- of /.. T\ '', small size with all the lobes rounded, and in all n re- markably like that under consideration. < m the whole, thi so like the leaf of our tulip-tree that there can be little doubt that it represents a species of the same genus which grew on our continent at the commencement of the Cretaceous This is one of the most important facts deduced from the coll tions of Dr. Hayden, for the genus LiriocL ndron is now re] sented but by a single species, which is confined to No America. During the Miocene Tertiary epoch, however, it formed part of the flora of Europe, as well preserved leave a species very closely allied to, if nol identical with the living one, grew in Italy, Switzerland, and Iceland. Thus this comes into the interesting ry of Magno Liquidambi 1 1\ Sassafras^ &c; genera which flourished both in Europe and America during the Miocene epoch, bul which have Ions since ceased to exist on the European continent. These specimens also teach us the still more int< i truth, that Ziriodendron, Sassafras^ Magnolia^ Qu ■ V l,inn.<. Populu8, and many others of our li%'i back on this continent to a period long anterior to tl the Tertiary age, and, having Burvived all the chanj incalculable interval, now form the mo in our existing forests. 14 /. ■'■ , i Floras \ th Am motion and Locality. Lower Cretaceous Band6tone, ckbird Bill, Nebraska. (Dr. Bayden.) Sassafras crctaceum. (n. sp.) Li aves petiolate, decurrent al base, very smooth above, Btrong nerved below; three-lobed; lobes entire and acute. The nervation ! strongly defined; the central nerve straighl or nearly so; the lateral primary nerves springing from ii al an angleof 30°; second- ary nerves regularly arched till they approach the margin of the a, win n they are abruptly curved and run together. From these the tertiary nerves are given off at a right angle, and from these the quaternary nerves spring at a similar angle, together form- . network of which the areoles are sub-quadrate. is perhaps not certain that the relationship between this mtiful fossil and the living Sassafras is as intimate as I havt ed, for Dr. Bayden obtained no fruits with the leaves, though, from the abundance of the latter, it is to be hoped thai they may yet be found in the same locality. Until the fructification shall be procured, the su ion thai a species of onr modem genus Sassafras flourished as far back as the epoch of the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous Btrata, may be pted with a certain degree of mental reservation. It is true, however, thai there is a mosl marked correspondence, both in external form and nervation, between the living ami the il plants; the differences being no greater than we might expect to find between species of the same genus. The nerva- tion of the fossils is stronger and more regular, and the whole aspeel of the leaf rather neater and more sy ctrical. With the material already before US, WO may at leasl infer thai there was living in the American forests of the Chalk period a Lauraceous tree, bearing trilobate leaves, having the leral aspect and nervation of those nfonr Sassafr ., and /."■■ diiy. Lower < Iretaci Blackbird Hill. Smoky Hill Fork, Nebraska and Kai I Dr. I la;, with Descriptions of Xi w Sp< ci a of Fossil P 15 Magnolia obovala. (n. Bp.) Leaves large, obovate, entire, thick and Bmooth; pointed and slightly decurrent on the petiole; nervation strung; midrib Btraighl and extending to the summits ; lateral nerves pinnate, set al what unequal distances, straight and parallel below, forked and in- osculating above, forming afestoon parallel with the margin ; I tiary nerves forming an irregular network of polygonal and rela- tively large areoles. Of this species there are numerous specimens in the colli tions made by Dr. Harden, in as good preservation as the ma- terial in which the} 7 are fossilized will permit. The uei is strongly marked, and all its more prominent characl appreciable in the fossil as they were in the fresh !■ In nervation, consistence, and outline, these leaves musl lia been strikingly like those of some of the Chinese magno Jif. purpurea, &c, which have obovate leaves, and I have pro- visionally grouped them together. Without the fri least leaves preserved in an argillaceous sediment in which the finer details of nervation are given, the affinity however, be considered to some extent donbtful- Formation and Locality. Red ferruginous sandstone Lower Cretaceous formal ion, Blackbird Hill. Nebraska, Harden.) Acerites prisliiuis. | Leaves petiolate, cordate al the base, five-lobed, lo acute (?); five strong and nearly equal veins radiat< into the lobes. The small ner distributed o in a fine network of which the meshesare sub Tl. eimens which I have of this planl • entire outline of the leaf. In general form tl have resembled thoseof Ac r of A. pseudoplatanus of Europe, but ai pie than those of either of th Acer described fro n the Tertiar 16 /.■ I \inct Floras of North America^ confounded, though bearing some resemblance to A. integer- rimus (Viv. M>-: , Greol. France, L833, vol. L, p. L33, tab. xl. : In that species, however, the lobes are narrower and more elongated. Fourspecies of Ac rites have been described from the Cretaceous strata of Europe. Of these I have only the descriptions of two, A. repandus and A. styracifoUus ting., both of which are quite different from this. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous Bandstone, ckbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Bayden.) Poi>uliis ellipfica. (n. Bp.) I. avea long— petioled, sub-orbicular or transversely elliptical, slightly cuneate at the base, and apiculate at summit; lower half of leaf entire ; superior half, or more, very regularly and rather finely olii 11^1 1\ serrate, or crenate, the points of the teeth inclining upward ; primary nerves usually •"». BometimeB 3, radiating from the base at .1 angl< ; from these the secondary nerves spring at acute This is an exceedingly neat and well-defined species, very fully represented in \)v. Eayden's collections. Ii is symmetri- cal in form, broader than high, forming a transverse ellipse, from the opposite Bides of which rise the corresponding and equal projections o'f the apiculate summit, and Blightly decur- reni base. The crenation of the upper portion of the leaf is . regular and neat, the teeth of small size, and turned up- ward. The general aspeel of the leaf is ool very different from thai of some specimens of /'. tremuloides, bul the cm ire mar >/\u- at the lower half of the leaf, the more elliptical outline, shorter point, and larger and more regular teeth, mark its specific differences with sufficient distinctness, while the cor- iondence which the leaves of the two species present, in the creneral characters of form, nervation and crenation, affords Batisfactoi'3 evidence of generic identity, and apparently bears unquestionable testimony to the existence, at the dawn of the with Descry § ' s ,,/ Fossil PI \: Cretaceous epoch in America, of trees, like, in all tin ties of their appearance and economy, those m< imon in our present forests. In the Miocene plants collected by Dr. Baydenon the Upper Missouri a species of Popvlus occurs I /'. rotundi . which exhibits a striking resemblance in general form to that now under consideration. In that species, however, the crenation of the superior margin is uniformly coarser and li and the nervation is more delicate. Formation and Locality. Lower l i sand Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden. | FojmiIiis microphvlla. (n. sp.) Leaves very small, scarcely an inch in length, roundish line, somewhat wedge-shaped at base, where they arc entire : the upper part of the leaf rounded and deeply toothed, teeth conical. acute or slightly rounded at the summits ; nen es radiating from the base, branching above, the branches terminating in the of the margin. This very neat species might be su] i to be onl *m of P. elliptica, with which it is iated, but a number specimens of each show no shading into each other, and scarcely possible that so wide a variation of marginal di i tal should exist in the same specie-. Although the lei /'. elliptica are two or three times as large as th »s • of tl under consideration, the teeth of the margins are the size, and are of a different type, being inclined n] the sides of each tooth of unequal length ; while the of P. microphylla are conical in outline with sides. Formation and Locality. Lower < Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Baydi Populu*? Debeyana. hi A number of leaves in the collection identical with that referred with doubl by Prof. B APRIL, 1S6S. 1 8 /. '■ i /.' ' i ■ ' / ' North Ann ri . Popidits, from the generalities nervation, and impressions of what would Beem to have Itch glands at the base on either Bide of the point "t' insertion of the petiole. In our specimens, however, there are no glandular impressions, and the departure from flif normal type of nervation in Pqpulus, noticed by Prof. I [eer, Is >till more conspicuous. I strong pair of basilar nerves, so characteristic of the pop- lars, is entirely wanting; the inferior lateral nerves being small, and the Btronger "ins which succeed them above, are In view of the marked departure which these Leaves exhibit from the nervation and form of the typical pop- lars, Prof. Heer Biiggests that they may represent an extinct gen us of the order SalicinecB^ hut it seems to me their affinities are closer with the Magnoliaa ce, and that it is even probable thai they represenl a Bp< I the genus Magnolia. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Bill, Nebraska. (Dr. Eayden.) Poi>iihi*( f) 4 ordyfl'oEs;). (n. Bp.) Leaves heart-shaped, slightly decurrenl on the petiole; margins entire; nerves fine bul distinctly defined; medial nerve straight or Blightly curved, running to the margin; lateral nerves 6 on each side, given offal an angle of about 50°, nearly parallel among themselves, st raighl near the base of the leaf, slightly curved toward the summit ; lower lateral nen ea giving off on the lower side aboul 4 simple or once fo ked, slightly curved branches which terminate in the basilar margin ; Becond pair of lateral nerves giving off aboul three Birailar branches on the lower side, which run to the lateral margins; third pair supporting aboul two, and fourth pair one branch on the lower side near the Bummit; tertiary nerves spring- ing from the secondar) nearly at right angles, slightly arched and running near!) parallel to conned the adjacent secondary n< n I genera] aspect thi ely resembles the pre- . but Beveral specimens which I have before me agree in ■ ounded and mor< In art liape I, and the lateral arc more numerous and given ofl at a lamer angle. with Descriptions of New Sp .' 1; , In these leaves the basilar nerves reach tl ral mar below the middle and with their »nd branches, as a quence, have more the aspect of sum,, of the leai pulifi rm, such as Corylus. The lattice-like arrangement ol tertiary veins in this as in the other species of this grou very characteristic of the OupidifercB, though nol v limi- ted to them. If we could imagine a Corylus with rounded or broadly cordate leaves, of which the margins were entire, we should have a very near approach t.. these plants. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretai bird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Eayden.) Salix membranacea. (n. sp.) Leaves petioled, large, smooth and thin, lanceolate, long | oinU I. rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, near which t ; broadest ; margins entire, medial nerve slender, often corv< d, -• c I- ary nerves remote, very regularly and uniformly arched from their bases, terminating in, or produced along the margins Till thi tomose; tertiary nerves given off nearly at right angles, formii very uniform network of which the areoles arc polygonal and • quadrate. This is a strongly marked species, of which I ha\ e fossilized in fine clay, and exhibiting with great distincti the details of nervation. It was evidently thin and membi ous in texture, though attaining a large -;/.<■. Like mo willows, it is frequently unsymmetrical, one Bide 1" developed and the midrib curved. The leaf is broadest near the base, and is the! into a long and acute point. Formation <>/>>/ Locality. Lower < River, New. Jersey. (Prof. < SaBix Meelfii. Leaves petioled, thin and delicate, Ian nervation delicate, midrib slender, a cond from the media! nerve at an an 20 /. • /.' tin ' /"■ th America^ tomosing Dear the margins; net-work of tertiary veins somewhat lax, but composed of nervules of such tenuity as to be rarely visible. This Is the planl of which an outline sketch was sent Prof. II. . : by Mr. Meek. In thai sketch the general form was alone . the details of nervation as well as the texture of the leaf not being deducible from it. Prof. Beer considered it a - Za !«, and as probably identical with Litmus primigenia CTng., a common species in the Tertiary of Europe. Aside from the ajpriori improbability of this plant found in the Lower- I as rocks being identical with one which in the old world dates hack no further than the Miocene, there are char- actersinthe fossil itself which seem to separate it from even the genus of L. primigenia. The nervation has a differenl as- pect from that of any of the Lauracea with which I am ac- quainted, being both more lax and delicate, the secondary nerves less accurately arched, and their summits more wavy ; the patterns found by their anastomosis less regular and deter- minate. In these respects, as well as in its comparatively thin and delicate texture, it re.-eml>les much more the Willows than Laurels. It seems hardly worth while to compare the plant before us with any of the living Willows, for everything indicates that all of the Chalk, both, vegetable and animal, long since perished. Among the great number of fossil species found in the Tertiary strata there are several which have a general re- semblance to it. and from which it might be unwise to regard it isti net if they were from the same Ion nation. Salix elongata Web. (Tertiarflora der N"iederrheinischen Braunkohlenforma- tion, Taf. .xix. fig. L0,) has nearly the same form, hut the second- ary nerves are given i If at a larger angle, and are much more arched. From its associate species in the Cretaceous strata it Beeme difficult to distinguish it. Solicited Hartigi Dunker(Paleou- aphica I. Band. 6, Lief. 81, Taf. xzxiv. fig. -J) isapparently much more Btrongly nerved. The general form was perhaps with Descriptions of - New S J / ji similar, although D anker's specimen wants both poin( base. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous Btrata, B bird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.) Salix flexuosa. (n. sp.) Leaves narrow, linear, pointed at each end, sessile or very Bhort- petioled; medial nerve strong, generally somewhat flexuous; -• € -. . j i . 1 - ary nerves pinnate, leaving the principal nerve al an angle of about 40°, somewhat branched and flexuous, but arching so as to in< - late near the margins. This is perhaps only a variety of the precedii . v ITeekii), which it resembles in its nervation as far observed in specimens fossilized in sandstone, but, all much narrower in its generalform, it is less acuminat extremity, and is apparently sessile. As in some of our In narrow-leaved willows, these leaves arc generally son flexuous, and as they are seen lying in their natural cur the surfaces of the rock, they have as familiar and pi willow-like a look as leaves of Salix angustifolia would, if i ficially fossilized in the manner followed by Goeppert. Since the above description was written, I have this species from a number of widely separated locality found it to hold its characters with great constani Formation a n d Local ity. Big Sioux, Blackbird II ' Spring, cv;c, Nebraska. Colorado, and New M Salix cuneata. (n. sp.) Leaves of medium size, sessile or shorl p< tiol I, narrow, acute at both ends, broadest toward ,; narrowed below to the base; medial nerve •! nerves delicate, springing from the midrib :it an ni • near the middle of the leaf, 15°— 2 near the bases, gently arche gins. 22 Later Extinct' Flo North America^ This Bpeciea presents some marked characters by which it iiiav be distinguished from those before described. It is true that the variations of form among the leaves of onr recent species of willow are almost infinite, and even in the same spe- . and from the Bame tree, leaves may be obtained of such different aspect that taken separately they might readily be taken for those of different species. Since the difficulty in the determination of recent willows is so great that it lias ime proverbial, specific distinctions derived from the leaves only, especially in those obtained from the same locality, may justly be looked upon with suspicion. Here i where, however, it is probable that recent botany will derive some aid from the careful study of fossil plants, and the nervation will probably be found to afford constant characters where the out- lines of theleaves can hardly be relied on. It will be seen by reference to the foregoing descriptions of SaUces that a number of characters combine to distinguish what, for geological convenience. I have chos» n to regard as dis- tinct Bpecies. Salix Meekii is lanceolate, tapering nearly equally to both ends, which are alike acute ; this leaf is petioled and the nervation regular and delicate. S.flexuo saile, linear and rather abruptly narrowed to point and base; nervation obscure, apparently very delicate and uniform. S. cuneata is comparatively thick and leathery, the form symmetrical, lanceolate, pointed but scarcely acute at both ends ; the midrib Btrong, prolonged into a short robust petiole; secondary nerves unequal, given off at a large angle, thick at base, Blender, tortuous and irregularly confluent near the margins. In 51 membranacea, the leaves are large and thin, broadest near the base, which is rounded, summit long pointed and acute ; ' i distinct and regular, but delicate. n and Locality. Cretaceous sandstone, mouth of Si< -.\ !;'• ■ . Nebraska. 1 1 >r. Ha} den.) with Descriptions of New s 7 Phi PEataatiiK lafiloba. (n. Leaves petiolate, three-lobecl, decurrent at the base, lobes broad, obtuse, or abruptly acuminate ; principal a irv< 3 three, lary nerves issuing from these at an acute angle, tertiary oerves Leaving the secondary at a right angle, forming a network over the Burfacc of the leaf, ofwhich the areola' are subquadrat Judging from the imperfect specimens which we have of this species, it is quite distinct from any described. Having the general form and nervation of the leaves of /'. • <<}, ntalis, the margins are much less deeply sinuate, the lobes less acuinin and the entire outline of the leaf more simple. T same is true of its relations with P.orientalis of the old world. The f species, of which several have been described by linger and Goeppert, are quite distinct from this. The speci< 8 det i by linger (P. Sirii and P. grandifoUd) are much more deeply lobed, while that figured by Ileer, Goeppert and Ettingshau (P. aceroides) is less deeply lobed but more strongly toothed. All fossil species heretofore known are from the Tertiary this being the first instance where the genus has been found in rocks of the Cretaceous epoch. During the last summer (1858) I obtained specimi i 'ill another species from the same geological formation in > Mexico. This has a larger and more lobate leaf, mo the Tertiary species P. grandifolia. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceon Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. < Dr. Hayden. | Fag"* cretacea. (n. sp.) This pretty species is represented in the collccti single specimen. This is, however, remarkably well | giving the general form and the details of nervation distinctness, from the character of t : little hesitation in referring it to tl the iZAawmamB, particularly species of Rh have leaves which would be very lil I "-iff 24 Later Extinct Floras of North Amei lized, but in the fossil plant the lateral nerves are sharply de- fined, numerous, aluao6t perfectly parallel among themselves and run quite to the margins, which arc seen to be slightly waved, the termini of the nerves being most prominent and the intervals between them forming shallow sinuses. In R/iamnus, however, even in R.frangula y of which the leaves nucb resemble this, the margins are not waved, and the lateral nerv< e do nol terminate as distinctly in them as they do in Fagus, and in our fossil. A striking similarity will be noticed between some of the leaves of the living Fagus sylvatica and this, though there is no probability of thai species having begun its life so early in the history of the globeas the first part of the Cretaceous period. The resemblance is noted only as giving good grounds for the n nee of the fossil to the genus Fagus. It will be necessary however to find the fruit before the fact can be accepted as fully proven of the existence of beeches during the age of the Chalk. A large number of fossil species of Fagus have been i\v- scribed from the Tertiaries of Europe, by Unger, Dunker, Beer, &c, bnl the genus has never before been obtained from the Cretaceous formation. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstones, Smoky Hill, Kansas. (Dr. Hayden.) (liu'iM'ii* salirilolin. (n. sp.) Li ■ ■ - petiolate, Bmooth, thick, entire, lanceolate, abruptly pointed at both ends ; medial nerve stro ht, or more or less curved; secondary nerves of unequal size, strong near their points of origin, becoming fine, flexuous and branching as the} approach the margins of t In- leaf, where some of them inosculate by irregular curves, while others terminate in the margins. This Bpecies differs considerably in its general aspect fr< the willow-like leaves with which it is associated, and must have been much thicker and smoother. The midrib is verj , terminating below in a thick hut Bhorl petiole. The with Description* of X w Speci< 8 of /' ssil Pla lateral nerves are much less uniform and regular than thosi the leaves to which I have referred. They are at first str< but soon diminish, and many of them extend bill halfway to the margin ; the others being unequally curved and branching irregularly, or anastomosing with each other. The finer details of nervation are not given in the specimens before me, and perhaps more ample material will show that our fossil Bhould not be regarded as a Quercus, but as far as its characters are given, they agree best with those of that genus. The texture of the leaf was evidently thick, and its surface glossy, raor< than in any Salix now living ; the nervation, t<>,». is more that of the oaks than willows ; the alternation oflarger with smaller secondary nerves, all diminishing rapidly and irregularly branched and flexuous above, are characters common t<> tin- leaves of all the willow-oaks. Some leaves of tin- living imbricaria would closely resemble these it" i'"--i!ixrd in tin- same manner. In the Lauracett; with lanceolate leaves tin- nervation is generally much more exact and regular thai the specimen before us, the side nerves being generally curved gracefully and more or less uniformly upward, their extremil anastomosing, or, more rarely, reaching tin- margin. If tin- fine reticulation of the tertiary nerves was distinctly visible, there would perhaps belittle difficulty in determining with degree of certainty the generic relations of thi I. In the oaks this reticulation is very fine, the areolae of pretty uniform size and quadrangular or polygonal, aboul a- broad as lc In the willows the meshes are larger, more irregular and m or less elongated. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaci Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.) QiiercBi* ciineata. (n. p.) Leaves short petioled, lane olate, pointed entire or slightly wave-margined; midrib stroi remote, nearly straight, with shorter into smooth, texture originally thick ami Ieath< 26 Later Extinct Floras of North Ameri The leaves of this species musl liave been similar in form and consistence to those of the living Q. imbricaria. They were somewhat longer-pointed, and slightly more cuneate at the base ; bnl leaves might be selected from the living tree which, if fossilized in the same manner, would be scarcely distinguishable from those before us. The nervation is strong, the primary and secondary nerves being very distinctly marked, the latter remote, straight the greater part of their length, gently curved inward their extremities. Oaks would seem to have been numerous in the oldesl forests of dicotyledonous i rees of which we have any knowledge. Sev- eral species are enumerated by Stiehler as occurring in the Creta- ceous sandstones of Blankenburg, but they are as yet nol de- scribed; and in the tertiary flora of Europe, perhaps no genus is more largely represented. ( >n our own continent oaks were apparently common as early as the epoch of the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous strata, as leaves, which I have considered referable to Qu reus, are included in most of the collections which 1 have made from se strata from widely separated localities, vi/.: Bellingham Bay, Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico. Formation and Locality. Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.) Quercu§ n9itirgua. (n. sp.) Leaves of medium size, lanceolate in outline, aoute, often Bome- wliai flexuous; margins serrate-dentate, with strong, obtuse teeth, which are appressed or turned toward the Bummit ; midrib strong, and reaching the apex; lateral nerves numerous, of unequal "tli, rjentlv arched upward, terminating in the marginal teeth. The specimens upon which this description i ! are I silized in r Bomcwhat coarse ferruginous Bandstone, which has not presen ed the minor details of the nervation ; but the gen- eralities of form and structure, which arc clearly enough shown, in to indicate that it represented in the Cretaceous flora the chestnut-oaks of the present epoch. Several Tertiary Bpeciee with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil PI bear considerable resemblance to if, as Q. Mediterran -. CJng., and Q. Haidingera, Etts. ; but in both these species the mai nal dentations are less uniform in size, and, when having a similar outline, are smaller. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstoi Banks of Rio Dolores, Utah. Quercns sinuafa. (n. sp.) Leaves small, obovate in general outline, narrowed i" tin' petiole, or slightly decurrent ; margins deeply lobed, lobes rounded, broader than the sinuses that separate them, three nearly equal "ii either side, summit broadly rounded or obscurely lobed, often oblique; nervation strong and simple, midrib straight or - 1 i lx 1 1 1 1 _> flexed, giving off lateral branches, which run to the nun-ins of each lateral lobe. The o-eneral form of this leaf is much like that of one livii Q. oUusiloba, though it is smaller and more symmetrical. Among the many fossil species which have been described, there is none which approaches this very closely ; mosl -I' them bearing either simple, entire leaves, or toothed, rather than lobed ones. Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous strata. Banks of Dolores river, Southern Utah. The Teetiaey Flora oi Noetb A.meeica. As has been said in regard to the Cretaceous flora, our I ledge of the vegetation which clothed this continent duri Tertiary period has all been gained within a very :'■ is still exceedingly imperfect. The first notia collected from our Tertiary deposits is given by Prof. J. D. Dana, in the Geology of the Exploring Expedition under l U. S. X. This comprises figures and brief descriptioi number of fossil leave- in,,,, Birch B arthe mouth I 28 ier Extinct Floras of North America, zer'a River, on the North-wesl coast. Subsequently the speci- mens collected by I'm}'. Dana were examined by myself, and are described more in detail in the Boston Journal of Natural Eistory, vol. 7. No. I. The plants collected 1 . v the Kx. Expe- dition comprised tlie following species, viz: ypto8trol)U8 EuropcBus Br. sp. Taxodium occidental Newb. 5 ilax cyclophyUa " Rhamnw Gaudinif Heer. f ',(, /'urns grandis f I rng. Of these Taxodium occidentaU is closely allied to T. dvbium of the Miocene of Europe. The Glyptostrobus is apparently identical with the European Miocene plant. Smilax cyclo- phyUa is the analogue of «S1 orbicularis, while the Cirj>'inus and Rhamnus are referred doubtfully to the European spech which the names are given them. From the strata associated with the coal-beds of P.ellin. is published a letter from Prof. Oswald Heer, Zurich, Switzerland, containing some notes on th< ->■ fossil plant. which sketches had been sent him bv Mr. Lesquereux. In these notes /'/,///,/■,/ dubia, (Lesqx.), is regarded by Prof. Hecr .1 identical with /'. Ungeri, of Europe; Cinnamomum I ■ aid to he hardly distinguishable IV. 'in < '. /.' Seer); Quercus Benzoin, (Lesqx.) is refer- with Descriptions of N< w Species of /'■ ssil Pla red to Oreodaphm Heeri, (Gaud:) ; Quercus Gaudini, I is said to be identical with a species from the [talian Tertiari By Prof. Ileer, the coal strata of Vancouver's [sland and the opposite coast of Washington Territory— strata which c tain the plants — are all regarded as unquestionably of " M cene age." Id 1SG3, 1 characterized, in the Boston Jonmalof Nat. II the fossil plants collected by the N. W. Boundary Commission. Among them the following species were enumerated : / turn robustum, (Newb.), Sabal Campbellii, (Newb 'ium occidentale, (Newb.), Quercus flexuosa, (Newb.), Q.B I folia, (Newb.), Q. elliptica, (Newb.), Pqpulus fldbell (Xewb.), derived from the main land ou the North-> and supposed to be Tertiary. At a later period, a number of fossil plants, obtained from the Eocene and Miocene beds of the Valley of the Mi- ' ippi, and from the lignite deposits of Brandon, Vermont, were exam- ined by Mr. Lesquereux; descriptions of portions of which h been published. From the Eocene beds he obtained Cinnamomum Mi piense (Lesqx.), Calamqpsis Danes, (Lesqx.), and a number of fossil fruits, among which he recognised Carya, Fagus, Ai lochia, Sapindus, Cinnamomum, Gissus, Carpiwut and V (American Journal of Science, 2nd Ser. vol. xxxii.. p. 3i From the Miocene beds of Mississippi Lesquereux reporl ing obtained species, nol yel described, of Q ■ ' Lauras, Persea, Rhamnus, Terminalia, Magm namomum, Ficus, Smilax, (with the livii sericea and Magnolia acuminata]) Magn (Lesqx.), and Populus rhomboidea supposed to bei one before described from the Cretaceous Island. From the Miocene(?) Tertiary, 5 I Lesquereux enumerates Lauras Carolin } P niana, Quercus myrtifolia, Fagus /• densinervis, (Lee , Quercu ' 30 /. iter Extinct Floras of North America. 'brdii, (Lesqx.), Andromeda ditbia, (Lesqx.), Andromeda 'inifolia^ Eleagnus inequalis (Lesqx.), extinct; from Mis- sissippi Rhamnus marginatus, (Lesqx.), Quercus Sqffbrdii, I. and Magnolia Hilgardiana, (Lesqx.). From Bome Tertiary beds in New Jersey, supposed by Prof. •k to be Pliocene, I have received a small collection of plants, which include a three-lobed Liquidanibar, a Cercis and one or two species of oak. By far the largesl representation of our Tertiary flora is. how- ever, contained in the collections made by J)r. ECaydeu on the upper Missouri, of which the greater number of species are described in the present memoir. These plants are from the lignites proved by the associated fossils to be of Miocene age. They were collected at various points on the Missouri River,al Fort Clarke, at Red Spring, thirteen miles above, at Fort Berthold at ('row Hills, one hundred miles below Fori Onion, at the month of the Yellow-tone, on < )'Fallon's Creek one hun- dred miles above the mouth of the Yellowstone, and in the Valley of that stream. - •me of the species are common to several of these localities. and their can be no doubt oi the parallelism of the beds which contain them. The molluscous fossils which accompany them have been carefully studied by Mr. Meek, and are considered him indicative of Miocene age. The list of the sp< obtained from this horizon by Dr. Hayden is as follows: Glyptostrobns Europseus, I'.i '■ Sequoia Langsdorfii, lh • s l> Thuya gracilis, N ewb odium occidentale, $ .. Tilia antiqua, .. Psilotum inerme, u Platanus Haydeni, .. nobi]i8, •« Raynoldsii, ■ (( heterophylla, .. with Descripi >f JVew Sped ::i Corn us acuminata, N"ewb. Quercns dnbia, Carya anticjuorum, Xegundo triloba, Carpolithns lineatus, Sapindus affinis, " niembranaceiis, Calycites polysepal Aralia triloba, Amalanchier affinis, Aristolochia cordifolia, Planera microphylla, Ebus nervosa, Itbamnites elegans, Viburnum asperum, " lanceolatum, Alnus serrata, Pbvllites venosus. " carneosus, " nervosa, " cupanioides, Sabal Campbelli, Popnlos rotundifoli " smilacifolia. " cordata, cuneata, " acerifolia, I^ebrascensis, " genetrix, Corylus grandifolia, " orbiculata, Americana, \ rostrata, J-livi: Onoclea sensibil J These fossils are generally well pi 32 Later Extinct Floras of JVbrth America^ argillaceous rook, of a light drab color, upon which the leaves are delineated with a distinctness which renders them pleasant objects of study, as well as attractive specimens for the cabinet. They are usually detached with their petioles in such numbers and form as indicate maturity and a common cause of fall, such as an annual frost The mollusks associated with them show thai they wore deposited in the sediment which accu- mulated at the lioftom of fresh water, and they are generally read out smoothly, and so entire, that if is evident that no violence, not even the action of a rapid current, could have been attendant upon their deposition. The explorations* of Dr. Hayden prove that this Miocene lignite formation occupies the beds of extensive lakes which formed basins on the surface of the continent when it had but recently emerged from the Cretaceous sea. As has been re- marked elsewhere, the lower members of the series contain a few estuary shells, showing the a -alt water at that period, but during the deposition of by far the greater portion of these beds the water of the ocean was entirely excluded from the basins in which they accumulated. There is. there- fore, every reason to believe thai the dele-is of ligneous plants which compose this collection were derived from trees which grew along the Bhores of the lakes and Btreams of the Tertiary continent : that then, a- now. alternations of seasons prevailed, by which the foliage of these trees was detached by an autum- nal frost, and that falling into the water beneath or near them, and sinking to the bottom, they were enveloped in mud, pre- cisely a- leaves of our ,-\ camores, willows, oaks, &c, accumulate at the bottoms ofour Btreams and lake- at the presenl day. In comparing the group of plants here presented to us with those now living upon the surface of the earth, any one will at once struck with the resemblance which they present to the flora of the temperate /.one. and particularly to that of our own country. In their Btudy, I have constantly found that on making comparison! with the plants of remote. with Descriptions of New Sp / /' /,-. and especially tropical countries, an entire want of resemblance or affinity at once discovered itself, and the only instructive comparisons made were with the present vegetation of our country, with that of the Miocene Tertiaries of Europe, and with the living plants of China and Japan. There is every reason to believe that future observations will make immense additions to this flora, and satisfactory comparisons and gene- ralizations will only be possible when a far more complete series of its plants can be subjected to study. Ir ie a'-- true that as yet little other than the leaves of these plants have b collected and employed in the deductions made from them. From the character of the sediments which enclose the leaves, it is quite certain that the fruits and seeds air also preserved, but as these are less conspicuous and noticeable than the lea they are little likely to be found unless specially sought ; ami it will only be when they are made the objects ••[' search that they will be discovered, and lend their important assistance in the solution of the problems which the leaves present F< >r the want of such assistance as these organs would furnish, aomi the material included in the collection dors not now admit -A satisfactory classification ; and the reference of some "t r leaves to the genera under which they are placed, mnst regarded as provisional, and liable to modification by further research. Quite a number of these plants are, how, largely represented in the collection, so well preserved, ami so clearly allied to the genera and species with which familiar, that they constitute fair material from which toil general characters atid affinity of the flora of which they fori part. In this list may be mentioned the Oly\ which the stems, bearing the !■ . of different torn cones, and the sterile capUvla^ are all present, and resemble the specimens obtained by Prof. Heer from I •Miocene of Europe, that they might aim I tin originals from which his figures were taken. The / described is evidently a close analogue '>"'■'• api:il. 3 34 Later Extinct Floras of North America, of the Miocene of Europe; differing from that well-known Bpecies only in the uniform rounding of the bases and summits of the Leaves. The plant which lias been doubtfully referred to Sequoia Langsdorfii, would probably be accepted by for- eign botanists as identical with that species, but, for the rea- Bons given in the remarks upon that plant, it seems to me tpiite doubtful whether it was a Sequoia, and more probable that it was a Taxodium allied to our deciduous cypress. The great fan palm collected by Dr. I lay den seems to be a representative of Sabal major of the European Tertiaries and Sabal palmetto of our Southern States. From both these, how- ever, it is distinguished by the larger number of folds in the leaves, and from S. major by its flat, unkeeled petiole. The numerous 6pecies of PojpuVm of which descriptions are now given will not fail to attract the attention of those whose rot runs in tin's direction. Several of them seem to be new to science, and show, for the most part, a greater affinity with the foreign poplars, /'. alba, &c, than with the species more common on this continent; though a single one, /'. '/'/"//•/'■'' N. evidently belongs to the group of which our balsam poplar may be taken as the type. The little species described under the name of /'. rotundifolia presents some anomalies in form and structure as compared with most of our poplars, but its resemblance to another species contained in this collec- tion, P. elldptica, and to one contained in the collection of the North-west Boundary Commission, described under the name of P.fiabeWum, baa induced me to class them together Among living specie- it has a striking analogue in Pqpulu8 prui$u>8a, now growing in Songaria. The several specie- of PlatanUS, which the collection con- tain-, form a striking and Interesting portion of this group of planl-, and all seem distinct from the fossil species hitherto described, and from any now living. < >f our American Byca-i mores, the leaves of P. oocidentalis are much more toothed, while those of P. raoemosa are more deeply lobed than any of with .Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. these. P. aceroides, a species from the Tertiariea • ' Europi more closely allied to our living ones than these seem to be. The largest and finest of those now described, in its Bmoothi of surface, its crowded and parallel nervation, departs more widely from the typical species of Platanus than the others, and has more the appearance of a tropical plant. An extensive series of comparisons have, however, suggested no affinities closer than those with the living Platanus; and I have little doubt that in these leaves, of which the collection contains u large number, we have representatives of the noblest and most beautiful cies of the genus. Two of the species of Corylus present no characters by which they can be distinguished from the two now distributed over the temperate portions of our continent, ('. r<>strne ,,t* our living species. The Tilia, also, is not far removed from the southern variety of our common living Bpecies, while the Negundo, Sapindus, &c, seem to be the representatives of the genera and species now growing in the region from which these fossils come. From this flora, considering it the analogue and progenil of that which now occupies our territory, we miss some impor- tant elements, which we may confidently expect will he sup plied by future collections. Among the mosl Btriking "ft! deficiencies may be mentioned Acer, Quercus, Liriodend Liquidamlar, Sassafras, etc., some of which, we know, began their life upon the continent during the Cretaceona period, and all of them were members of the Miocene floraoftheOld World. Liquidambar, Quercus, and MagnoUa occur in the I' beds of New Jersey; MagnoUa and Quercu in tie M strata of the Mississippi Valley. Fagus^ also, which is wan* in this collection, has been obtained from 06 by Lesquereux. 36 Later Extinct Floras of ATorth. AmerkU, The notes on some of the species contained in the collection made by Dr. Hayden, S>/i(ot\t Litngsdorfli, SabaJ Camp- I,,//;, Onoclea sensibilis, &c, have a bearing on the general questions to which reference lias been made in the preceding pag< B, I nit the occurrence of an <-lf the-e. either representative or identical species, the number is now so great thai they plainly indicate a land connection between the continents at thai period; and Bince many genera, and this, with probably some other species at tint time common to the old and New Worlds, have disappeared from Europe, while they continue to flourish here, it would seem to follow thai these were Ameri- can 'ype- which ha• perate climate is proved by the character of the plan*- which passed over it. On referring to a terrestrial globe, it will I that by way of Greenland, Iceland, and the Bebrides, ll no very wide gaps to be spanned ; but a connection by thai would carry us so far into the Arctic zone that noi f tin which we suppose to have made the journey could have with- stood the cold of the climate had it been the same ae at present. We have conclusive evidence, however, that it on Mackenzie's River, Disco Island, on Iceland and tie dof Mull, we have, in the recurrence of part.- of the very t' 38 Later Extinct Floras of North America, under consideration, proof not only of a wanner climate at the far North during the Miocene epoch, but that a part of the plants which tunned the Miocene flora of Europe, actually did travel that road (at least visited all these localities); and in the buried remains of generations which were never to see the promised lam), we have imperishable records of their presence and of the reality of this migration. That we cannot, without further study of the facts, assign a CO.U81 for this great change of climate in the northern part of the continent, is no argument against its existence, for the facts are incontrovertible. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. Psilotiuii inea'iiie (n. sp.) In the collections made by Dr. Ilayden are several groups and masses of a dichotomously branching plant, which could hardly have been anything else than a Psilotum. The stem and blanches are flattened and smooth, both on the surfaces and sides, and buow no organs of fructification. In size and general appearance this plant may be compared with l\s. complanatum >>\' the Sandwich Islands, but differs from that in having the edges of the leaves smooth, while in the living species they are remotely toothed. We have now but a Bingle Bpecies of /' ilotum growing within the limits of the CTnited States, /'.v. triquetrum of Florida, a more slender plant than this, with tri- angular and toothed branches or lea "Formation . ci< 8 of Fossil Plants. unkeeled, flag-like leaves, marked by. numerous lougitudinal nerves, of which there are eight or nine more Btrongly marked. and between these about seven much finer, couuected bv alter nate cross-bars. No keel is shown in any of these fragments. In general structure these leaves closely resemble th. >.-e of /'. Oeningensis, Heer (Flor. Tert. Ilelvet i. S. »!4. Taf. xxh : but the material is not sufficient to determine whether our species is identical with that. Formation and Locality. Fort Union, Dacotah, (Dr. Har- den.) Onoclea seiisibilis. L. Frond pinnate, large; pinnae, lanceolate in outline, with waved margins, more or less deeply-lobed or pinnatitid, connate at their bases, forming a broad wing on the rachis of the frond ; nervation strongly marked, more or less reticulated, the nerve of each lobe or pinnule springing from a common trunk having a dendroid form with waving branches, which often unite to form elongated litcuncB, of which the largest border the rachis of the pinna on either - and are formed by the nerve branches of each lobe r< aching ov< r and touching, or closely approaching, the base of the nervation of the next superior lobe or pinnule. The collection of Dr. Ilayden contains a great number examples of this beautiful fern, showing the upper and under surface of the frond, the variation of form of the pinna of dif- ferent fronds, and different parts of the Bame frond. The robust habit of this plant, the Btrong, waved and reticu- lated nervation and broadly winged rachis, which Bcem to di* tinguish it at a glance from all known fossil Bpeci a comparison with some of the strong--,-,, win- tropical and it was only after a laborious examination efall the of exotic ferns contained in the licit. aria to which I bad I or described by authors, that I was led to turn u, home. The common form of Onoclea sensibilis growa abundantly in all parts of our country, and ifl one of the first plant! 4" Later Extinct Floras of North. America, by the youthful botanist. Iu tins we have the rachis of the frond more or less winged, and a nervation on the same general plan with that of the fossil before us, but more distinctly retic- ulated. By this I was at first misled, but in examining Dr. Torrey'a var. obtusildbata^ 1 found in some specimens the exact counterpart of our fossil in the lobation of the pinnae and nerva- tion. The gradation of characters in this variety is very great and interesting. In some specimens we have a distinctly bi- pinnate frond ; the pinnae composed of numerous remote, even obovate, pinnules, and the nervation not reticulated, the nerves of the pinnules radiating and forked, but never joining. This is the extreme form, but even here the rachis of the frond is more or less winged. In an intermediate form we find the rachis winged, the pinna? deeply lobed, and precisely the nerva- tion of the fossil. Even in the common form the nervation is similar in plan, and the elongated spaces, destitute of nerval branches, on either side of the rachis of the pinnae, form a noticeable feature in both. There is little room for doubt, therefore, that during the Mi- ocene age a species of Onoclea flourished in the interior of our continent, of stronger habil than either of the living varieties, and holding a middle position between them. This fact sug- gests the question, whether they could not have been differenti- ated from it. Varying, as the living Onoclea does, in the size, outline, and nervation of the Bterile frond — from six inches to three feel in height, from a finely reticulated to an open, dichotomous nerva- tion : from a hi-pinnate frond with remote, obovate pinnules, to a pinnate form with wave-margined pinnae and broadly alate rachis it plainly includes all the characters of the fossils before us, and I therefore find it impossible to separate them. What ha- been predicated of this Bpecies has been based on observations of the sterile frond only. No fertile frond has vet ii found, and since in 0. sensibilis, var. ootusUobata, the "sterile" frond i- Bometimes fr a it-bearing, we may find that Mich with Descriptions of Ni w Spi ties of Fossil Pla 1 1 was the case with the fossil. Tins is apparently the plant described by Prof. E. Forbes (Jour. Geo. See. Lon. vol. vii, p. 103), under the name of Filicih s (?) />< bridicus^ and obtained by the Duke of Argyle, from the Island of Mull. Formation and Locality. Miocene Argil, limestone. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hay den.) Sabal Campbellii (n. Bp.) S. Campbellii N~. Journal Host. Ni.it. Hist. Soc, Vol. vii. No. L. Leaf very large, 8-10 feet diameter with 50 to 80 folds; petiole long, l£ to 2 inches wide, flat above, without a central keel above or below, unarmed; nerves numerous and fine, about «"><) in each fold, six principal ones on each side of the midrib, with il intermediate ones between each pair, the middle one being strong' est. In general character the leaves of this palm have a strong resemblance to those of Sabal mcyor, Ung. sp. (Chloria Trot. S. 42, Taf. xiv. fig. 2; Flor. Tert,, Ilelvet 1, S. 88, Taf. kxxv. xxxvi. figs. 1, 2); the size of the leaf, the number of folds, and the character of the nervation being approximately the same, but in our plant the average size of the leaf is greater, the num- ber of folds larger, and the petiole is without a keel. The form of the spindle, or terminal point of the petiole on the under side of the leaf, as exhibited in the numerous specimens collected by Dr. Hayden, seem to be shorter (more abruptly acumi- nated by a concave lateral excavation) than in the exam] of S. major which have been figured or described. This char- acter has little value, however, as it varies considerably in the different leaves. This species was first described from a of specimens collected near Bellingham Bay, W. T., b ' Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the U. S. X. W. Boundary Comn sion, of which the figures are not yet published. They Bho¥ only the upper side of the leaf, leaving the form of the point of the petiole on the under side to be conjectured. Thia want has been fully supplied by the collections mad.- by Dr. Hayd when connected with the expedition under Capt. \V. I. Ray. 42 Later Extinct Floras of North America, nolds, L T . S. A., ae his specimens represent both surfaces of the basal portion of the leaf, and rations fragments of its central and outer parts. All these specimens correspond, in every im- portant particular, with those from Bellingham Bay, except that they prove the leaf to have been considerably larger than I had before supposed ; larger indeed than any fossil fan-palms hitherto described. In the west coa>t specimens the petiole is 1^ inch broad, while in those brought from the upper Missouri, the pe- tiole is from 1^ to 2 inches broad, and all parts of the leaf propor- tionally strong. All the specimens from both the localities I have mentioned, show the petiole to have been flat, and without the central keel of S. major and S. Lamanonis. This, with its larger size, leads me to consider our plant as distinct from either of its European representatives. It is at least as much unlike either, as they are unlike each other. But, if specifically distinct, this must be regarded as an interesting representative species, con- firming the conclusions derived from the other identical and allied species, of the parallelism of our Tertiary plant-beds with the lower Miocene strata of Europe. Fan-Palms are a conspicuous feature in the flora of the tropics, growing in the greatest abundance under the equator, but they also spread through the subtropical, and into the tem- perate zones, being very abundant in the Southern United The discovery of fossil Fan-Palms by the party under ('apt. Raynolds is an importanl fact, however, as Dr. Qayden had not found them in his pre vions explorations of the country bordering the Upper Missouri, though making large ami inter- ting collections of fossil plants from the Miocene Tertiaries, Formation probably but a variety of this same plant was collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes, at Birch Bay, near the mouth ofFrazer'6 River. B. C. by (reo. Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the X. W. Boundary Commission (see Journal of l»oston Nat. Hist. Sue, vol. vii. No. 4), and is represented by numerous specimens in the col- lection of fossil plants made by Dr. Bayden on the Yellowstone and Upper Missouri. In this country, as in Europe, the foliage of Glyptostrdbus exhibits two forms wherever the plant is found; the short ap- pressed, and the longer divergent leaves. In addition to this. the specimen:- from the X. W. coast have a common character by which they may he distinguished at once from those col- lected by Dr. Eayden. The Western plant is more slender, the appressed leaves sharper and more delicate, the divergent leaves much longer, corresponding more nearly to the Euro- pean form described as G- Uhgeri, while those from the l'p- per Missouri resemble more the variety known as G. Eurqpa ue. The cones, however, found with tin' Missouri specimens are more like those of G. Ungerithan a. Ewropams; the dorsum of the scale being marked by short, radiating carina', as in (i. TJngeri, the margin being waved, hut not regularly scalloped, as in G. Ewopa US. From the extreme West we have a- yel no cones which can l,e certainly referred to this plant, so that the most important element in the comparison is wanting, hut it would seem that hen-, a- in Europe, the different phases of the plants belonging to the L r eiius Glyptost/robus are so linked together, that they should he regarded a- forming hut a Bingle Bpecies. At Least we has. not vet obtained sufficient material, to justify us in attempting to define the limits of other species. //•///, T). x<>n L ,tlon* nf -V. "■ Sjh ■■:. g of Fossil t 15 The two living species of Glyptostrobus, which Fortune found growing in China, resemble the fossil forma perhaps as much as they do each other, and it is perhapa doubtful whether they should not all be united under the same name. The living and fossil plants are associated with fan-palms, and belong to the flora of the Southern temperate zone, or that of a latitude tea degrees south of the localities where the fossils occur. Formation and Locality. Fort Union, Dacotah, Washii ton Territory, and Birch Bay, B. ( '. Taxodiiim occidental? (Newb.) T. occidentcde, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist he. eit. Branchlets terete, leaves numerous, crowded, Bessile or very short petioled, one-nerved, flat, rounded at both end-. This plant is the American analogue of T. dubium, Eleer (Flor.Tert.Helv. S.49,Taf.xvii,fig8. 5 L5),which itsocloeelj sembles, that at first sight it would probably be considered iden- tical with that species, but in T. diibium the leave- are fewer, more obliquely set on the branchlets; are lanceolate in outline and acute at both ends, whereas in the specimens collected by Dr. Hayden on the Upper Missouri, Dr. Cooper in Montana, Mr. Geo. Gibbs near Bellingham Bay, Prof. Dana at Kirch Bay, and by Richardson on McKenzie's river, the li are all broader, more closely set, rounded at both end-, and BOtm even em'arginate at the summit. The specimens brought in by Dr. Hayden and Dr. Cooper are larger and those from theWesl . but the form of the lea! It unfortunately happen- that in none of the c at the West, containing this plant, are thi can, with any probability, be supposed to re] lit. It is riot certain therefore that this is a 1 true Taxu8, but the length ofth< '1 incl and their accurate arrangement in two rank?, all led in the same plane, give the foliage an aspect unlike th of the Yew-. 46 Later Extinct Floras of North America, In Taxus bn mfolia the loaves of the young brandies are nearlv as distichous as these, but in T. haceata, T. Canadensis, and usually in T. bn vifolia, there is manifested a tendency to a many-ranked arrangement. This is especially noticeable in the Lrish Few, in which the leaves surround the stem in much the same way as in the spruces. The branchlets are also more delicate than in the Yews, and the foliage must have been more light and feathery, like that of the deciduous cypress, {Taxodiwn distich/urn). The resemblance of our plant to T. dubium of the European Miocene strata is so strong, that, even without the fruit, we are fully justified in placing them in the same genus. Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata. Banks of the Yellowstone River, &c. Sequoia Langsdorfii ? Br. The leaves figured in the report of Col. Raynoldsare part of a large number of the same species collected by Dr. Hayden on the Banks of the Yellowstone River. They include two forms of foliage; one, in which the leaves are many-rowed, short, appressed and awl-shaped ; in the other, they are two- ranked, much longer, linear, acute or rounded, more or less narrowed, decurrent at the base, and traversed by a strong medial nerve. The first form is confined to the larger (and per- manent \) branches; the other to the terminal (and deciduous?) branchlets. This foliage closely resembles that of the deciduous cyprese of the Mississippi Valley, but the leaves of the branch- let.- arc less crowded, arc broader and more noticeably decur- rent. Except in this latter character — and that is often not Btrongly marked — there is also little difference to be distinguish- ed between these fossil leaves and those described l>y Brong- niart, (Prod. pp. L08-208), under the name of Taxites Lange- r. Hayden, an 4 s /. quota Langsdorfii, but this seems hardly possible, as it is clearly proven from the facts published by me in the Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist (Vol. ii. No. 4, L863), that the plant beds of Nanaimo arc- all of Cretaceous age. The planl figured by Prof. Heer is ap- parently my Taxodium cuneatum, and has generally shorter and more spatulate leaves, with narrower bases than those of Sequoia Langsdorfii. The plant bed- of Buzzard's Bay, like those of Birch Bay, and pari of those of Bellingham Bay, are apparently Miocene. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata, Banks of the Fellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.) Imelanchier »imili* in. Bp.) Li aves petioled, ovate, obtuse or acuminate, rounded or slightlj cordate at the base; margin coarsely toothed, excepl Dear the petiole, where it is entire; nervation pinnate, delioate; medial nerve straight, 6-7 pairs of lateral nerves 4h erging from the midrib al : 1 1 ■ angle of aboul 10 . slightly cun ed upward, especiall) near the summit, the upper ones nearly Bimple, bul giving off a perceptible branch near the summit on the lower side, which runs inl > the next tooth below. The lower pair Bpring from the extreme base of the leaf, are strong and simple, and strike the margin where the denta* with Descriptions of New S} p tion commences. The second pair of lateral nerves each send off two or three slender nerves from near the summit t-> the teeth of the adjacent margin; tertiary nerves very fine, leaving the second- aries at right angles, and forming a fine net-work of which the areola? are nearly quadrate. The number of specimens of this species in tin- small, and all but one imperfect. This one is evidently the impression of a thin, delicate leaf, of which all the details nervation are preserved as perfectly as they could have ap- peared in the living plant. The other specimens indicate that the leaves were usually pointed, often acute. From the nervation and character of dentation of th< leaves, I think we may at least say that the plant which b them was rosaceous, and among the rosaceous genera with which I have compared them they approach most nearlj Amelanchier / some of the leaves of A. Canadensis being tirely undistinguishable from them in fur r nervation. A. Canadensis now grows fiver all the temperate parts "f the continent, and would seem from its wide range t.» he as likely to be an old resident of the continent, and t<» he represented in the Tertiary, as any other of our pin Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Bank Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.i Rim minis elegans (n. pi Leaves lanceolate, entire, rounded or abruptly narrowed base, long-pointed and acute above, broadest part one-third distance from the base to apex ; nervation regular and bat delicate, midrib strongly marked, lateral i equidistant on either side, gently arched upward, and t< in the margins; tertiary nerves numerous, fine, spannii tance between the branch nerves, and dividing 1 1 1 i - row, sub-rectangular areoles. This is a remarkably neat and symmetrical eards ir^ outline and nervation. I'- little of the rigidity that characterizes thi APBEL, 186a 1 ' ,T H,,T 50 Later Extinct Floras of North America^ the JRhamnacece, and more of the aspect of the leaf of a Laura- ceous tree, but the numerous parallel Bide-nerves, terminating all in the margins, form a character which the Laurels never have. Of described species, it most resembles Weber's I*. />,<■!,,,,'>. (Palseontographica ii. S. 204, T. 23, fig. 2), but differs from it in having an ovate, lanceolate form, and the nervation is a lit- tle more crowded. Formation and Locality. Miocene Bandstone. Belmont, Colorado. (Miss Kate Haymaker.) IS Ii a in ii i to* coiicinnus (n. sp.) Leaves petioled, long ovate, acute, rounded at the base, coarsely and nearly equally mucronate-dentate ; nervation pinnate, remark- ably precise and parallel throughout; medial nerve straight ; lat- eral nerves, 9-10 pairs diverging at an angle of about 20°, slightly arched upward, parallel among themselves, basilar pair reaching to margin below the middle of the leaf, Bending off each about 8 short, simple, slightly curved, parallel branches to the dentations of the -lateral margin; superior lateral nerves simple, or once forked at the summit; tertiary nerves very numerous, simple, parallel, connecting the lateral secondary nerves and the branches of the basilar nerves nearly at right angles. These beautiful leave- are so definite in form and structure, and so perfectly preserved, that we should have no difficulty in referring them to their appropriate genus, if we could find among living trees their precise generic counterpart, but up to the present time I have not been able to satisfy myself thai they are generically related to any living plants. The nervation is in gome respects \ oonm These leaves are most strikingly like those of Sapind t/a, and taken by themselves would afford perhaps sufficient ground for uniting them with that genus. They are also very 111 series of leaves found in the Tertiaries of Europe, figured by Prof. Heer, in the Flor. Tert. Helvet. Taf. cxix. and cxx. under the names of Sr. I [ayden. | SapiBdut membraiiaceiis in. sp.) Leaves pinnate in many pairs of leaflets, and terminating in a ovate, often unsymmetrical one; lateral leaflets lanceolate, acute, wedge-shaped at base, unsymmetrical, thin and membraneous, u ith entire margins ; nervation fine and Bparse, many pairs of lateral nerves being given <>fV by the midrib (from which also spring many ill lateral branchlets), and, these arching upward inosculate near the margin <>r a\ ing the second* ;i r\ ■ ■ nearlj at righl angles, crossing directh between tin' cent ones, or anastomosing with some irregularity in the mid- dle of the ii There are many fragments "t these leaves in tin collection »re me, imbedded in a verj line ami hard argillaceous lime- and verv beautifully preserved. They exhibit consid- inblanco to the leaves of M , especially M.^rtibra^ but in that plant the basilar nerves of tin- leaves art- more de- i ach tin- margins higher up. The marginal with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. dentation is also generally more acute in the leaves of the mul- berry, and the leaves more pointed. The nervation of these fossil leaves is almost precisely that of our common species of Tilia, but in that the marginal dentation is much sharper. In a Southern species, however, T. heterophyUa, I have found leaves which seem to be the exact counterpart of these ; leaves with a roughish surface, strong and regular nervation, just after this pattern, and with a coarse, obtuse, and regular dentation. 1 am therefore inclined to refer these fossils td Tilia, and to re- gard them as the relics of a species closely allied to, if not identical with, T. heterophylla. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata, near Fort Clarke. (Dr. Ilayden.) Rhus nervosa (n. sp.) Leaves pinnate, leaflets oblong or linear in outline, rounded or cordate at the base, pointed above; margins coarsely and acutely serrate; nervation pinnate, strong; lateral nerves numerous, leav- ing the midrib at an acute angle, simple or somewhat branched, parallel, gently arched upward, and terminating in the teeth of the border. The specimens of this species scarcely afford material for sat- isfactory classification. They hear a strong resemblance to the pinnate leaflets of some of our shrubby species of Rh us, speci- ally of R. copaUina and R. typhhui. The nervation and margi- nal serration are essentially the same, and the texture of the leaf would appear to have been similar, but the nerves are stronger and the dentation coarser than in most specimens of these spe- cies with which I have compared it. With the trifoliate and oak-leaved species it has little in common, ami will nor 1»<> likely to be confounded with any of the fossil species which have been descrihed. The general form of the leaf is not unlike /.'. Meriani, Beer (Op. cit. Taf. exxvi. figs. 5-11), hut tin- margins of the leaves of that species are not as deeply toothed. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fori Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Ilayden.) :>4- Lat< r "Extinct Floras of North America, Vib 11 rn ii in nspenuii (n. sp.) Leaves ovate in outline, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acute and long-pointed above, margins all cut by relatively large acute teeth; nervation strong, crowded; midrib straight; lateral nerves alternate, about nine on each side, the lowest and strongest bearing each 5-6 simple branches on the lower side; the lateral nerves of the middle of the leaf carrying 1-2 branches at the sura- . nuts, t lie upper ones simple, all terminating in the marginal teeth; tertiary nerve^ numerous, connecting the secondaries nearly at right angles, and generally parallel. The nervation of these leaves is strong, regular and crowded. The marginal serration is simple, coarse and sharp, much like that of the leaves of many species of Viburnum. Formation mid Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union, t)acotah. (Dr. Ilayden.) Viburnum lanceolatmii (n. sp.) Leaves small, narrow, ovate or ovatcdanceolate, rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at the base, pointed above, coarsely and Bharply serrate-dentate throughout; nervation strong; midrib straight; lateral nerves about "> pairs, diverging from the midrib at an angle varying from 15° to 20°, all slightly and uniformly arc-lied upward, the basilar pair each throwing out at an acute angle about >i\ simple branches which terminate in the teeth of the margin, tie upper branches supporting each one or two similar branches near the summits; tertiary nervation line, and ^distinguishable in tin- fossil state. In tin.- regularity ami precision of the nervation, these haves resemble those of Carpvnus^ bul in mosl species of that genus the -nation of the margins is double, while here it is single, ami, except iii one or two old world forms, the nervation of tin- loaves of the living species of that genus is considerably different, the. basilar pair of lateral nerves being much shorter, and Bimple or less branched. The style of nervation observable in these fossils occurs in one or two species of Rhamnus, bul is there very exceptional, with Descriptions of New & and the marginal serration of. Mhamnus is rarely il ever coarse as in the plant before ns. In ZiztjpJiuswe have a similar nervation ; and not a dissimilar style in Celtis, but in neither of these have we such marginal teeth. In Viburnum, however, we ha v.' some exan leaves exhibiting a closer resemblance to the fossils than any I have cited above, as in Viburnum erosum. Thumb", from Corea, and V. odotaiiissimum of Japan. In both these plants we find leaves with a great development of the basilar pair of nerves, and a coarse, acute, and regular dentation of tin- margin. Formation and Locality. Miocene beds. Fort Union, 1 cotah. (Dr. Hayden.) A I mis serrata (n. sp.) Leaves oval or elliptical, slightly coi'uate at the base, rounded , <•/, s of Fossil J'/" "■: ous a feature in the flora to which it belongs, that it requires to be figured and described. Future observations will deter- mine whether it has been correctly referred to its livine allies. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Banks of Yel- lowstone River. (Dr. Hayden ) Negundo triloba (n. sp.) Leaves thin and delicate, but distinctly nerved, pinnate in one or more pairs, leaflets lanceolate or lance-ovate, long-pointed, rounded or slightly cordate at base, short-petioled ; margins coarsely, re- motely, and irregularly toothed; terminal leaflet trilobate, the mar- gins toothed or serrated; nervation of lateral leaflets pinnate, nil i or ten pairs of lateral nerves diverging from the midrib al an angle of about 50°, arching upward, more or less branched toward the summit. Of these the basal pair are shortest and Bimple, following the course of the adjacent margin; the second pair are Btrono and throw off each three or four curved branches on the lower side. The general aspect, including texture, form, dental ion, and nervation of the lateral leaflets, is strikingly like thai of the corresponding parts of the leaf of the living JY, gundo "<■< roidi 8. The genus Negundo is represented among living plant- by hut a single species, and this is so like Acer in all but its leave-, that Prof. Gray intimates that it should hardly be considered die tinct from that genus. A fossil species has been discovered in the Tertiaries of Europe, N. Furqpeum, Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet. 3, S. 60, Taf. cxviii. figs. 20-22), but it would seem to have been a smaller species than the living i, and had obovate wedge-based leaves, quite different from those bel us. If in the light of more and better material, it Bhonld pro that a species of Negundo lived on the American contin during the Miocene Tertiary Epoch, it would he a fact of no little interest, and would strengthen the claim- \ gundo aceroides to a distinct generic place in the botanical B« In that case, however, its trilobate terminal leaflet wonld still further indicate its acerine affinities. Formation and Locality. Near Fort tTnion. | Dr. Bayd< a.) Later Extinct Flora* oj Worth America, Aralia triloba, (n. sp.) Li aves pinnate or ternate; lateral leaflets long-oval, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped, and unequal at base, pointed at summit, sharply Berrate throughout ; nervation pinnate; texture thin; sur- faces smooth. Trilobate leaf similar in surface, texture, nervation and marginal ition, but unequally three-lobed; lobes acute, Long-pointed. The character of these leaves is vow well shown in the speci- men- before me. They seem plainly to indicate a specie.- of Aralia, and have a marked resemblance to some of the Leaves of our two most common species, A. raoemosa and A. nudicau- 1/18. Tiie trilobate leaf is not commonly found in our Aralia-. hut there is, always a tendency to the production of such a form. and I have frequently remarked it in A. racemosa, as it grows at the West. That is, however, generally a much larger and stronger plant than this. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Clarke, i I )r. Hayden.) < or> ins orbiculata. (n. sp.) Leaves small, orbicular, or nearly so, slightly and unequally cor- date .-it base, blunt-pointed above ; margins set with tine and nearly equal teeth; nervation Btrong; midrib curved and slightly sinuous; lateral nerves about 7 pairs, mostly straight and nearly parallel among themselves, lower pair sending off each 7—8 short, simple or forked branches which terminate in the teeth of the edge; Becond pair supporting each ahoiit three brauche- of similar character: upper lateral nerves simple, or having each 2—3 branohes near the Bummit ; tertiary nerves parallel, distinct. Tin- is another hazel like leaf, of which the classification, with- out the fruit, mu-t he somewhat doubtful. The general form is more like that of the leaves of Tilia {'/'. Americana ami '/'. EuropCBa)', being much rounder than those of any species of ' rylue with which 1 am familiar. The nervation is however different fr that of TUia, and n facl altogether that of Corylw. In Tilia, the leave- are with Descriptions of X> w Sp< '■ s of Fossil I ' usually broadly cordate; the nervation of the base and lateral portions of the leaf being supplied from the first or basal pair of lateral nerves, which are largely developed, much branched, and reach considerably above the middle point of the lati margin. In Corylus, on the contrary, the basal nerves are short and supply only the basal margins; the second pair of lateral nerves is relatively more developed than in 77 Morus, etc., and in the number and parallelism of the lateral nerves they approach more nearly to the Btrictly feather-veined leaves of Fagus, Alnus, etc. Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata, Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Ilayden.) Cory In* graiitlifolia. (n. Bp.) Leaves large (5-6 inches long), short-petiolcd, unequally cord at the base, pointed above, coarsely and unequally dentate ; n< tion strong; midrib straight or curved, not Binuous ; lateral ne> 6-7 pairs; lower pair diverging at a larger angle than the upper ones, and supporting a number of short, generally simple, brand on the lower side, which terminate in the basal margin ; second pair diverging at an angle of 45°, reaching the margin about the middle, supporting about 4 branches on the outside; upper | simple or branched once, rarely twice. This was evidently a large, thick, ronghish leaf, having m the aspect and texture of the leaves of the mulberry than ol hazel. The nervation is, however, much nearer t latter genus. Indeed, in all essential characters it Is thi as that of the three species of Corylus with which it ated. The dentation of the margin, also, i partially double, much more like that of the It than of any of those with which I bfl Formation >>/"/ Locality. Lignite 'I Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Eayden.) Cory In* Ann in ana. Amon* the variety of specimens of the le I ! cana with which I have compare. I I 60 Later Extinct Floras of North America^ which, if fossilized, would form impressions absolutely (indis- tinguishable from tlinii. ami I have therefore found it impossi- ble to fix upon any characters by which they can be separated. As compared with the fossils which 1 have referred to C. ros- tratOj these leaves arc a little more rounded in outline, the nervation somewhat more open and delicate, the marginal teeth more nearly equal in size, and more obtuse. Of all the Bpecies of Corylus, living or fossil, which have been described, there is none of which the leaves so much resemble these, as C. Americana. Formation forked, terminate in the marg teeth; above the basilar nerves three or tour pairs of strong lab nerves are given off from the midrib, which run parallel with the basilar pair, and terminate, like them, in the compound u eth ol upper margin. The lateral nerves are c< mnected by num< secondary nerve-, which are generally simple and slightl) sometimes broken, and anastomosing with each other. 'I character gives a lattice-like appearance t'i the V usual in the genus. The strong nervation of this species is one of i I characters, and ha- suggested the name . L I!;. this and the double dentation of the superior mai their aceriue form, these leav< y distinguishable from S3 Later Extinct floras of North America^ any of those with which they are associated and any hitherto described. Formation ami Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hay den.) Popiilus nervosa (n. sp.) Var. B. dongata. Leaves ovoid or oblong in outline, wedge-shaped at base, abruptly pointed at summit, basal margins entire, sides rather finely toothed, superior margin, coarsely, somewhat doubly dentate ; ner- vation strongly marked, les*s crowded than in var. A.; basal nerves springing from the midrib above the basal margin nearly straight, reaching the sides above the middle and terminating in the first large dentations of the upper margin ; exterior lateral nerves of the basal pair, three or four in number, remote, nearly simple, curved upward, and terminating in the lateral teeth ; secondary nerves above basal pair, three on each side of the midrib, parallel with the basal pair, and connected with them, each other, and the midrib, by numerous strong, generally simple, lattice nerves. The nervatiou of these leaves is essentially the same as that of those last described, and which, notwithstanding the difference of ton n that they present, I am inclined to consider as belong- ing to the same species. This diversity of form is not greater than may be seen in the leaves of any poplar tree, and the dif- ferences of dentation are not greater than those observed in different leaves of many living and fossil species. The origin <>f the large basilar nerves above the base of the leaves, the strong ami latticed nervation, and the dentation of the same general character, with the fact that all the specimens are from tin- same locality, all combine to lead me to consider the two forme a- specifically identical. Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary strata. Fellow- stone River. Nebraska. (Dr. Hay den.) 1'opillllM .\<*IH*a HOC IK' || (ll. Sp.) Leaves long-petioled, 2-:t inches long, ovate, pointed, regularly rounded at the base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, exoept near the base, win re the margins are entire; nervation strong, radiating with Descriptions of X, w Species of Fossil Pla from the base of the leaf; medial nerve straight, Birapl< - ip- porting very small nerves), except near the summit, where two or three larger branches rise from it; lateral nerves, two pain on each side, springing from a common point of origin ; loner pair arched upward, nearly parallel with the margin of the leaf to which they send off one or more simple branches; Becond pair <>f laterals diverging from these at an angle of 30°, arohing upward, and run- ning parallel with the midrib, terminating in the margin near the summit, each giving off about three exterior branches, whiofa QUITO upward, and terminate in the dentations of the border. This species by its general form and nervation, approach closely to P. Smilacifolia, but the base is rounded (sometimes slightly wedge-shaped), never distinctly cordate ; the Buperior lateral nerves are not quite so much drawn together toward the summit, and the margins are differently and much more coarsely dentate. Alarge number of specimens of this species presenl an! and distinctive characters. They exhibit considerable varia- tion in size, being from 1 to 3 inches in length, but in form, nervation, and marginal dentation, they are alike. These specimens are derived from different Localities, and without doubt represent a distinct Bpeciee which was Bpn over the Tertiary Continent. By the character of the impressions left on the Btone,aa well as by the coarse and unequal dentation of the margins, we may infer an affinity between this and the downy-leafed pop- lars of the present epoch, such as P.aJha of Europe, etc., while in the smooth surface and finely denticulate or entire marg of P. Smilacifolia, we have evidence of reserablfl I' tremuloidcs. There is no fossil species for which thU can •• • "• Some of the forms of P. crenata, Ungei I Sotrka, S. 1GT, Taf. xxxvi. figs. 2 6), resemble lh< I they are not so distinctly radiat. ed. Unger rep teeth of the margin ae more acute, and more lik< I I P. tremida, with which he compares hie foaeil -; 04: Later Extinct Floras of North Ameri Formation and Locality. Ferruginous shale. Banks of Yellowstoue River. (Dr.Hayden.) Populus cuneata. (n. sp.) Leaves small. ol>< »\ :ii r, somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, ob- tusely pointed at the summit, coarsely, ob1 usely, and irregularly den- tate on the margins; three-veined, basilar nerves given off at an acute angle, terminating above the middle of the margin: mdary nerves few-forked, and often inosculating. This species is represented by numerous specimens in the collection made by Dr. Sayden on the Yellowstone. It will be seen to be distinctly separable from any of the species pub- lished with it, and the same may be said in regard to those pub- lished elsewhere. In general form it bears some resemblance to P. attenuata, Al. Braun (Flor. Tert. Helvet. 2. S. 15. Taf. lvii. and lviii.), also to some forms of P. mutabilis II.; hut the nervation is less crowded than in those species, and both are acuminate-pointed. Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hay den.) 9'oihiIii*. genet rix. (>>. sp.) Leaves large, cordate in form, acuminate; margins serrate, with rather small appressed teeth; three-nerved; nervation sparse but strong; midrib straight, with few small branches; basilar nerves very strong; given off a1 an acute angle, much branched at the summit, reaching nearly to the margin far above the middle; from each of the basilar-lateral nerves spring 5-6 exterior branches, the lower cues very strong and branched, the upper slender and simple. In general aspeel this leaf is very similar to that of tho liv- ing P. baleamifera, and apparently differs from it only in its nervation. It is more decidedly three nerved than those of any of the living group which it may he supposed to represent — /'. balsamifera, 1*. candicans, /'. monilifera, etc., — yet one may occasionally find a leaf of either of these species which in this re-p tinctly in some of the specimens, form- a network Bitnilar t" thai the leaves of living species of Populue, of which the ibil considerable diversity of form and size, being polygonal wit! roundish outline, or quadrangular. The genera] aspect of these leav< - i- much i of the living maples, but they are less distinctly trilo crenation of the margin is coarse, irr< gular, and obi rounded, as is usually the case with the I- APRIL, 1868. 5 • "'*' . '• Later Extinct Flora* of North America, poplars, the leaves of which in other respects most resemble these. The surface is. in many specimens, somewhat roughened, as though in the living leaf it was canescenl ; also a common character among poplars, but rare or unknown among maples. The leaves of the maples are generally thin, and the network of the tertiary nerves is remarkably fine and uniform, affording a reliable generic character. This is visible in the leaves of all the recent maples, and is beautifully shown in the impressions of the leaves of A. pseudoplatanvs, given in Ettingshausen and Pokorny's Physiotyjpia Plant. Austria, Taf. xvii., fig. LO, Among fossil species this perhaps resembles most P. leuco- phylla (Foss. Flor. v. Gleichenberg Denkschrift, k. k. Acad.. vol. viii., 1854, p. 177, Taf. iv., figs. ,; -10), but is much more distinctly crenate-toothed on the margin. The teeth of P. It ucophylla are either obsolete or remote and acute, making a sinuate-dentate margin. Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr.Hayden.) Populu* Smilaci folia, (n.sp.) Leaves ovate, pointed, slightly cordate al the base; margins finely and obtusely crenulated; nervation radiate, delicate, and sparse; medial nerve straight, giving off only fine and scarcely per- ceptible lateral nerves below, and two or three longer branches near the Summit; tWO pairs of lateral nerves radiate with the medial nerve from the same point at the base of the leaf; of these the lower two are small, nearly simple, and a rehed evenlj upward ; the other two, nearly as Btrong as the mid rili, Bpring from the base at an angle Of about 25°, and, after diverging to the middle of the leaf, curve upward toward the summit, Dear which they terminate in the margins. These I at em 1 nerves supporl four or five simple or pnee-forked branch ich given off exteriorly, which curve up- ward, and terminate in the lateral margins. The tertiary nerves are given off nearly at right angles from the secondaries, and form a delicate polygonal or quadrangular network over the surface of the leaf. The lower pair of lateral nerves should properly be consid- I a- branches of the larger ones, so that the leaf is more with Description* of X w -\ eoiesqfu distinctly three-veined than that of any living i Populus. This character, with the Bmooth Burface and nearh entire margins, gives these leaves the general aspect of thos. Smilax, and suggested the name given them. Their oer however, is sufficiently distinct from that of Smilax, an clearly that of Populus, though in a Bomewhat ea ,:,..| form. In Smilax three or five nerves radiate from the baa the leaf, and termvnajU together at th< summit, which lim- ine leaves of Populus never do. In Smilax, too, the principal nerves give oft* no large branches, but all the interspa filled with a- labyrinth of anastomosing veins, formings von different network from that of Populus. The marginal serration of the present Bpeciee would have been much like that of the leaves of the living /'. tn loides, but still finer, while the size of the leaf was considera- bly larger. Formation and Locality. Miocene Lignite Tertiary. 1 Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.) PlataiiiiM nohili*. (n. Bp.) Leaves large, one and a half feet in length and breadth, p" oled, 3 lobed, or sub 5 lohed, lobes acute, margins of lobes and base entire, or near the summits of the loins delicately sitr: toothed; nervation strongly marked, generally parallel; tm nerve straight, two basilar nerves of nearly equal length strength diverge from it at an angle of 30 throughout and terminate in the apices <<( thi lobes. Above the basilar nerves about 16 pairs of latei are given off from the midrib al about the Bame ancle; tl nearly straight and parallel, terminating in the teeth of '•'■ From each of the basilar nerves dii erge about the sam< pairs of branches as from the midrib, and the • straigh.1 and parallel, ami terminate directly in the in these the second or third exterior one on each side the strongesi of the series, and is then pr distinct lateral, triangular, acute lobe, giving pentagonal form. Prom this basilar branch of the ! 12 or more short, generally simple, bra 68 Later Extinct Floras of North America, side, and 4-5 on the upper si.le near the summit, all of which termi- nate in the margins. The tertiary nerves connect the adjacent secondary nerves nearly at right angles : sometimes they are straight and parallel, but oftener more or less broken and branching where they meet, near the middle of the interspaces. Where the systems of nervation of the lateral and middle lobes come in contact, the tertiary nerves are Stronger, ami form a somewhat irregular net- work, of which the areolae are large and sub-quadrate. In general aspect these magnificent leaves are considerably unlike those of any known species of Platanus, and I have felt considerable hesitation in referring them to that genus. The texture was evidently thicker and the surfaces smoother than in the leaves of most Sycamores, and, on the whole, they recall the leaves of Cecrqpia, or some other of the broad, leathery, polished leaves, borne by the trees of the tropics. On close examination, however, they are found to present the radical structure of the leaves of Platanus, and, aside from their association with so many genera plainly belonging to the flora of the temperate zone, their form ami nervation seem to me t" afford at least presumptive evidence that they were borne by a tree of that genus. They will, perhaps, Buggesl to the 1 botanist the leaves described by Unger under the names of Platanus Hercules, P. Jatrophcefolia, etc. (Chlorie Protogsea, p. L37, T. xlv., figs. f',-7, etc.). and which he subse- quently removed from that genus; but those palmate, many- lobed leaves were very unlike these now before us, and resem- ble much more the leaves of Jatropha or StercuUa, than those of Platanus. The crowded, somewhat heavy, ami regular nervation of these leaves, their thick texture and polished surface, must have given the tree «.n which the} grow an aspecl quite different from that of /'. occidentalism but /'. orientalis, and sometimes /'. raa mesa, have thick and polished Leaves, and the deviation from the common form is not so great in these fossils as in the living species I have named, or the fossil species named 1>\ [Jnger /'. grandifolia and /'. Sirii (Ohlor. Protogeea and 9, l'l"i\ v., Botzka i. with D< scripUons of X w v In size, these leaves exceed those of any known bi sycamore, and if we are correct in referring them to PI they may be considered the only relics we have of by far the noblest species of the genus. Some of the leaves are a fool and a half in length, and of about equal breadth, and yel they do not so far exceed the ordinary size of the leaves of the Syca mores as do the leaves of Acer macrophyUum those of other species of maple. Fur mid Ion and Locality. Miocene Tertiary beds Near Fort Clark, on the Upper Missouri. (Dr. Bayden.) Platanus Raynol acutely toothed, while in the s] x-citnelis before 118, the teeth are never acute except those which in the young leaves represent the lateral lobes of the mature form. In /'. aceroides also, according to Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet. v. ■"• j». 71. Taf. Ixxxvii. and Ixxxviii.), the nervation is more sparse, the angle of divergence <>f all the nerves greater, the number of lateral branches of the midrib less, and the number of marginal teeth considerably greater. Prof. 1 1 em- says (loc. cit.) thai in /'. aceroides the middle lobe of the leaf lias 2 1 den- with Descriptions of New Sp< eu a of Fossil Pla 7 1 tations on either side, while in P. Haydenii the man,: has 8-10 teeth on eacli side of the middle lobe. The difference before specified in the form of the marginal teeth ie vorj marked and strikes the"eye at a glance. In /'. /■ Extinct Floras of North Am, rica, gen ob. The aspect of the leaves of ( 'orn us is peculiar, and such as is usually readily recognizable ar a glance. This fades is given by the outline as well as the nervation. The outline is usually more or loss accurately oval, the margin entire, the base rounded or slightly wedge-shaped, the summit pointed and laterally flexed. The nervation is very clearly defined, the midrib strong at the base, tapering gradually till it reaches the extreme point of the apex; the lateral nerves pinnate, approximated below, more remote above; all simple, arched upward, those near the summit being drawn in to join the midrib. This latter characteristic is visible in all the species of Cor- nus known, and is particularly noticeable in the common herba- ceous species C. Canadensis. It is also very marked in C. Florida, O. sericea, C. aliernifolia, etc. The tertiary nervation is generally delicate and sparse, the tertiary branchlets running across obliquely, but with nearly a straight course, between the adjacent lateral nerves. In all these character-, as far as they are retained in the fossils before US, we find an entire correspondence with the living genus Corn us. and refer these leaves to that place in the botanical series with as much confidence .as the foliary appendages alone can give. Formation />>////* X,hrr. I [ayden.) Carya aiitiqiiorinii. (n. Bp.) Leaves pinnate, large, leaflets lanceolate, long-pointed, acute. sessile, finely serrate, middle leaflet broadly lanceolate, widest above the middle, narrowed to the base, which is somewhat unequal; lateral leaflets narrow, lanceolate, onsymmetrical throughout, some* \\lia< falcate; nervation sharply defined, conspicuously parallel, medial nerve straighl in the terminal leaflets, more or less ourved in the lateral oik-; secondary nerves springing from the midrib af b angle, numerous, sub-parallel, all arohed upward, their ex* with. Descriptions of X. w Species of Fossil Pla tremities prolonged parallel with the margins of the leaf; the upper ones strongly arched, but terminating more directly in the margins; tertiary nerves distinct, mostly simple, straight, and parallel among themselves, connecting adjacent secondary nerves nearly at right angles. The form, serration and nervation of these leaves are entirely those of Carya, and while without the frnit it maj not be pos- sible to fix their place in the series more definitely than to Bay that they represent the genus Juglans as formerly coi tuted, including Carya, we may at least refer them with con- fidence to a place within the limits of that genus. The lea of the species of Carya and Juglans arc very Bimilar : BO much so that some of the Caryas, such as C. oUvaformis, have leaves that could in the fossil state hardly be distinguished from those of Juglans. The specimens before us, however, seem to me to be more widely separated from those of the known species of Jugl than are those of the Pecan ; and there seems little donbt that the tree if now living would fall within the limil I arya. In some specimens, the lateral nerves are remarkably straight and numerous, giving to the leaf very much the aspect of those of JEsculus ', but from a comparison of the many leaves of thi- plant in the collection of Dr. Hay den, I infer that they w not palmately grouped, but pinnate, the form of the bases of the leaves indicating this. The tertiary nervation is also quite different from that JEsculus. In the latter genus it usually forms an i ingly fine network filling the interspaces between the second- ary nerves, in which the straight transverse lattice-like ' characteristic of the fossils before us arc wanting. At l< tliis is the case with our American "Bucl 1" -A! // pocastanum of the Old World something of the kind but in prevalence and regularity very unlike that in the I Formation in, relationship between tin leaves and those of any living plants, and publish the I and description given, in hopes that others may be moi cessful. They have the general aspect of those of a I. aura.-, tree, but I suspect they are related to those now described under the names of Ph. carneosus and Ph. Oupanioid Formation and Locality. Fort CTnion, Dacotah. (Dr. II den.) Phyllites carneosus. (n. Bp ) Leaves large, fleshy, and strongly nerved, orbicular in outlim . • date or rounded, often unsymmetrical at the base, obtuse mit, margins wavy or coarsely and deeply Bcalloped; n< strongly marked throughout; medial nerve Btraight, or nearlj frequently produced intoalongand strong petiole; lateral nen six to eight pairs, all more or less forked ; lower pair shorl ino- downward soon after leaving the midrib; second pair outward near the base, and reaching the baso-lat oral n course nearly at right angles to the line of the midi strongest, much branched on the lower Bide above t : lie; upper pairs once or twice forked near the Bummil I parallel, simple, straight or gently arched, given from the secondary, which they conn T'p to the present time I have tailed with those of any g< nns known, living ~ ,; Note* on certain Terrestrial JfoIIusca, form they resemble those of Coccoldba^ and must Iiave belonged to some plant having much the habit of CI uvifera; but the leaves of that plant are entire, and the nervation is quite dit- ferent. One of the other species of Coccoloba, which grows in the West [ndies, C. diversifolia, has leaves with a marginal Berration, and a nervation more like that of the leaves before ns, but both the margins and nerves are unlike. The leaves which I have designated by the name of PhyJr lites Oupanioides, as it seems to me, should be generically united with these. Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union. (Dr. Hayden.) II. Notes on certain Terbestrial Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species. By Thomas Bland. (Continued from Vol. YIIL, j>. 170.) Bead April 37th, 186a Tin: genus OylindreUa (Pfeiffer, 1840), as generally accept- ed, embraces a great number of species of very diverse forms, belonging chiefly to the faunas of Mexico and the islands of Cuba, Haiti and Jamaica. With reference to the shell, the ani- mal being little known, the genus has been placed in Helicida between /'"/'<' and ( 7-/ usllld. In L855, Schmidt {Stylommatophora) stated that CylindreUa (Urocoptis) has ho jaw, and that the teeth resemble those of Qlandina and Daudeba? , dia i but differ in having two teeth on a common base. Morch in L859 {Malak. Blatt.'p. L09) proposed an arrange- ment of the I'nl umiutin, the divisions characterize* I by the presence and form, or absence of jaw, — one of such divisions with Descriptions of X< "• > being Agnatha, in which the jaw is wanting. This method of classification was subsequently further elaborated by Morch {Journ. de Conch, v. 1805), who, referring to Schmidt's state- ment, placed Cylindrella in Agnatha. Gray {Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.vi. 267, I860) suggested a division of the Pulmonata GeophUa into two sections, viz.: Sect. I. Vekmivora. Buccal mass very large; < • 1 « > 1 1 l^: : i » < • , pro jectile like a proboscis. Jaw none; teeth numerous, Blender, coni- cal, distant. Mantle well defined. Subterraneous; carnivorous, or worm-eating. Sect. II. Phyllovora. The buccal mass Bra all, ovoid, n«>t pro« duced. Jaw distinct, horny; teeth numerous, four-sided, close together on the lingual membrane. Herbivorous. In the first Section, which seems to be equivalent to Morch's Agnatha, Gray placed the OleaoinidcB, Streptaxida and / ceilidh, — in the second, Ilelicbhi. Arionida, etc., etc., — he did not specially refer to Cylindrella. Albers and Von Mar tens {Die Heliceen, 2 ed. 1861) have Cylindrella in Testacellea, giving as generic characters, on the authority of Schmidt, "Maxilla nulla. Dentes raduke in lineia utrinque "lilitjni- dispositi, bini basi conjuncti." He adoptH Beveral Btibgenera, one of which is Urocoptis Beck, comprising C. Ghi( sbn gkti Pfr. and other large Mexican species, as well as the -mailer allied forms of the West Indies. In November, 1865, I published (Ami. Tjyc. viii. L61 I the an- nexed figure of the lingual dentition of C. scceva Gund. of Cuba, with the remark "the rows of teeth are about 130 in num- ber, the formula being 26-2-26. The cen- tral plate is small, obtusely pointed, laterals uncinated, joined two by two, upper edge fringed." The expreasionjoinedtwobytioo was inadvertently need, and Morse has since called my attention to it, in fad each plate (lateral) has two cusp-. Guppy {Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Jannary, l- Wot t on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, scribed the animal and teeth of O. Trinitaria Pfr. of Trini- dad : "The animal is ashy gray, becoming nearly black about the head and tentacles. Foot elongate, narrow ; tentacles (4) slender. Lin- gual ribbon very long and narrow; teeth 3-1-3; medians narrow, bicuspid, with two tubercles on the base; first and second laterals with simple round cusps, outer lateral inconspicuous, rather claw- shaped." Morch has since observed (Jour. a\ Conch, vii. 257, ISO") that lny figure of C. scazva appears to confirm the accuracy of the observation ofSchmidt and of Guppy's description. I agree, however, with Crosse and Fischer (Jour, dt Conch, vi. 223, 1 866), that the similarity of structure of the lingual armature in Cylind/rella and Testacella, referred to by Schmidt, is more apparent than real, being confined to the oblique arrangement of the lateral teeth. An unlooked-for discovery was announced by Crosse and Fischer in a very interesting paper in the January number i L868) of the Journal de Conchyliologie. After remarking that authors have repeated the assertion of Schmidt that Cylin- dretta has no jaw, and explaining thai an opportunity had utly occurred of examining the animal of ('. Ghiesbreghti Pfr., Crosse and Fischer give the result in a passage of which the following is a translation : "We have proved the presence in this species of a jaw, arcuate, horE shaped, very finelj striated longitudinally, with an ob- lightly indicated median projection ai the inferior margin, and a rounded plate or support projecting beyond the edge of the -ui e, ior margin. •• The lingual armal ure i>. moreo\ er, very remarkable. The lingual denticulations are disposed in rectilinear transverse series, nurae- i and all of the Bame type, with apices scarcely extending be- yond their base, the siugle median or rachidian tooth is a little -mailer ili.ni the other-, and tricuspid. The dental formula is (32- L -82) x 110. I id e ring the nature of its teetli the animal musl he her bivoroua ami not zoopbagous. The classifications which have placed the molluscs of this ltc. .mj < with the carnivorous Puhnonates with Descriptions of .V. w Sj are then erroneous and altogether defective. The reserve we have shown in this respect in our Journal was clearlj "In the Cylindrella} of the Antilles, on the other hand, the row teeth are so oblique that they appear to have a quinenncial ana: ment; each row composed of a small number of teeth of peculiar palmated form; the rachidian tooth is of a very diffen til t . tremely narrow and enlarged at one of it. extremitii s, W< not been able to find the jaw in C. s an guinea Pfr. of Jamaica, wl we have examined, and of which the dental formula i- (12-1 x 115. "Considering these important anatomical differences, we think it consistent to separate from the genus Cylindrella, the group, •. natural, moreover, with reference to zoological geography, ■ >:' I; species from Central America (Mexico and Guatemala), of which C. GMesbreghti is the type. We would at the Bame time obsei with reference to conchological characters, that tie-.' Bpecies i nearly the s-.uue fades, they have generally an obsolete, filii carina on the last whorl, and almost all have a columellar fol or less developed, situated deeply within the aperture, and continut d the whole length of the axis around which it revoh i After some remarks on different forms of Cylindrella, i Crosse and Fisclier propose the new genu- Eucalodium for the group of which the following species are mentioned a- the pi cipal representatives, viz.: C. Ghiesbreghti, decottata, M cana, grandis, splendida, turris, clava, speciosa and B The genus is characterized a- follows: Genus Eucalodiim, Crosn and fflscher. Animal mas ata, longitudinaliter tenuissime striata, parte marginw infl dia obsolete prominula, margine supero radicem rotund tente, instructum. Radula seriebus transversis, rectilim merosis, uniformibua constituta, acie uncinorum ba tarn vix superante; dens medinnus uncinis paulo I pide. Animal caeterum ad familiam Helicidarum omnii Testa Bubrimata, turrita, cylindrelheformis (in adtihi bus) late truncata : ultimas anfractus breviter solum tus, plus minusve filo-carinatus : columella intua plernnnjuc in cata, plica columnam internam ambiente, in evanida. Typus: Cylindrella Ghiesbregl ff< r. * I have directed ti clava the axis as described by mi 80 Aotes on certain T> rrestrial M<>Uusca. Fm. -i. In February, 1867, a number of shells were collected by Mr. W. M. Gabb, in Lower California, and among them two species described by him as CylindreUa Newcombiana and C. irregularis, and figured in the American Journal of Conchology, iii. -J.',:- 238, pi. 16, figs. 3-4. Several months ago, Dr. Newcomb sent to me a specimen of the former Bpeciee : from its general aspect I doubted its being a CylindreUa, and suggested to him that the presence or absence of a jaw would determine the question. Recently Mr.Tryon kindly forwarded to me three specimens containing, to my sur- prise, the living animals. Having perused the pa- per of Crosse and Fischer on Eucalodium, and my attention having been directed to the different char- acters of the land shell faunas of Lower California and Mexico east of the Gulf, I examined the ani- mal of Gabb's, G. Newcombiana, with much inter- est. I obtained the jaws and lingual ribbons from two of the specimens, and have little hesitation in placing the species in the genus Eucalodium. The following is a copy of < rabb's descripl Ion, and the an- nexed figure (fig. 2) was drawn 1 > \ Morse from one »"• of the living specimens: Cylindrdla (Wrocoptis) JVewcotnbiat.a Gabb. "Shell moderately large, not decollate, Blender, tapering more rapidly below than near the apex, the firsl three whorls being of the same size; whorls lH, flattened on the side, body whorl bud- angular below, detached from the penultimate whorl for a short distance, and acutely angular above; suture impressed; aperture slightly advanced and surrounded by broadly expanded lips, pro- ducing a trumpet-shaped appearance; inner margin straight, and ending in an angle above and belovi ; outer margin curved, wider in advance than behind, lips continuous, broadlj expanded, and somewhat thickened; surface light horn color, marked by fine, irregular, nndulating and occasionally broken ribs, radiately and cterior of which is distantly but strongly ribbed, diminishing in diameter Mil terminating st the base Ui i point, the umbilicus being imperforate. 1 structure in 0, ShuttL with Descriptions of Nt w s s 1 obliquely disposed, and with the interspac* a crossed by mic revolving lines. "Animal light gray, equalling in length the aperture and penul- timate whorl; foot short, and regularly rounded posteriorly. u Dimensions. — Length 1.9 in., length of aperture .»"' in., width of aperture .4 in., width of body-whorl .35 in. '•''Locality. — Hidden under loose volcanic rooks in the bigb table lands of the interior of Lower California, especially about Moleje. This and its congener (C. irregularis * ial>l>) are essential!) mountain species, being only found in the highesl regions. 11 Observations. — This shell resembles U. costata Gould, as fig- ured by II. and A. Adams in Gen. Recent Moll., pL 7>;, fig. 7. !• diifers, however, in being more regularly tapering, and in 1 » < i 1 1 _r proportionally more slender." It is evident from Gabb's comparison of hi- Bhell with the little Barbados species C. costata* Guilding (not Gould), I he did not know the latter, and was misled by tin- magnified figure given by II. and A. Adams. I Gi ru ra, pi. Ixxvi.) Gabb remarks that C. irregularis and 0. ZV i without doubt congeneric, and that an examination of the a mal of the latter shows it to be a true Urocoptis, — meani I presume, that in general external characters it Looked v< like H. and A. Adams' figure of the animal of that gem From an examination of the shell -1 C. irregularis, I beli< it to belong to OyUndrella, but the other Bpecies must, in my opinion, as already stated, be placed in the genua E A study of the animal of the latt< in which I was aided by my friend .„ Mr. W. G. Binney, enables me to give the following particulars : ->>. Animal with highly developed mantle, foot short, blunt before and pointed behind, with a longitudinal J groove along the centre of it- bfl The dead animal, as removed entire, had 9 1" living it occupied the whole Bhell with tl * The lingual dentition of scribed by Gnppy. The ribbon is very long; i..v. APRIL 6 89 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, last, and perhaps the apicial, whorl. Jaw (tig. 3) arcuate, with a slight median projection, distinctly, longitudinally costate, the costse, 9-10 in number, flattened, their terminations scarcely produced at the anterior or cutting margin, parallel with which are a few fine stria 1 . In tin- jaw of the second specimen examined, the number of c >stae was found to he L3, and the cutting margin very per- ceptibly crenulated by .their extension. At first sight, under the microscope, the jaw of E. New- combia/num appears to consist of a series of plates, the costse formed by their overlapping edges ; and indeed Binney, after carefully examining it, justly remarked that the structure of the jaw of other species may have been incorrectly described. The jaw is, in fact, so thickened in various parts and with such general regularity, as to give the impression that it is composed of separate plates, while portions have additional thickness, producing what I have called llattencd costae. At or near to the central part of the superior margin of the jaw of /;'. Newcombianum there is an attachment, which I supposed to be similar in character to that mentioned by Crosse and Fischer in their description of the genus, " margira swpero radicem rotundatam * mi/h ut< ." To this appendage I directed the attention of Morse, who wrote as follows: "I noticed at the outset the process to which you refer, and the jaw of Succinea immediately occurred to me, hut on further examination I satisfied myself thai it is only the more dense condition of the buccal muscles. I may he wrong, hut do nol any evidence of a process separate from the muscles, — not like that in Succinea, which can l»e cleared as readily from the integuments as the cutting plate it -elf." Morch, in the < 1 esc rip- tion of his division ELasmognatha which embraces Succinea, mentions the existence of a membranous attachment to the jaw of Dryptus BlainviUeanus (Jour, de Conch, 7.391, L865), hut it is of a eery different character to that observed in /*.'. \. wcombianum. with Descriptions of X w 8} The teeth of K Newcombianum (fig. 3) in arrangement and form agree very closely with those of Euoalodium, as .1. by Crosse and Fischer, and the formula 32 I 32 \ L2< markably similar. In my figure the median and adjoining lateral teeth, and also the extreme lateral tooth (iig. 3, a.) are shown. The teeth in general character may be < pared with those of H. alternate Say (Morse^ Terr. Pulmon. of 1/ pi. 4, fig. 16). With respect to the shell of K N&wo&mbianum, [should mention that the axis has not the revolving fold described as generally present in Eucalodivm, — indeed Gabb's spe< in internal structure, more like Achatina. The genus Eucalodium, lookiug at the form of jaw and teeth. must go into Gray's section PhyUovora. Considering the tion of the West Indian CylindreHae, bo far ae I am acquainted with them, and other circumstances, I believe with I and Fischer, and also Pfeiffer, that the genus CylindrtUa il cannot be associated with the Vermwora. It is worthy of notice that Mo'reh place- //. . , ■ gay from the form of jaw (see Terr. Moll. I. xii. fig. 1 1 }, in his di- vision Oxygonatha, the teeth of which (lateral- Bubulate) indi- cate, he says, "que l'animal avale de grande morceanx, el mom que c'est un carnivore qui \ it de proies rivantes," and a< "les Agnnthes. qui avalent leur proie entiere et vivante, ont toutes les dents snbulees." {Jour. cU Conch, v. '■'•", l vi The fact is that the animal of //. concava, having one ined tooth and subulate laterals {Morse^ I.e. pi. 5), d< living animals of other species, 4 while CylindreUa^ with jaw (Agnatha), has no subulate teeth ! After the foregoing pages were in type, I disc shell under consideration was described by I't.iti. i /', * "The animal is voracious in its appetite, almi cies with which it may be kepi, and ■ iro been obliged to keep them by th< >ras [B\ II 8-i Notes on a rtain T< /■/■< strial Mollusca, Zool. Soc. 1861, p. l'T. pi. ii. fig. 7), from a specimen in Cum- ing'.- collection, a- follows : Clattbilia* (Bale a?) Taylori, Pfr. T. profunde rimata, tur- rita, solid ula, con ferte plicato-striata, corneo albida ; spira regula- riter attenuata, apice acutiascula ; sutura simplex ; ant'r. 11, convex- iusculi, ultimns basi vix attenuatus, infra medium obtuse carinatus; antic.' Bolutus, descendens et dorso acute carinatus; apertura magna, obliqua, hit us semicircularis ; lamella? obsoleta?; plicae nulla' ; perist. continuum, undique late expansum. Long. 47, diam. 84- mill. Localitas ignota. The species will, therefore, bear the name of Eucalodium Taylori Pfr., with that of Cylmdrdla X wcombiana Gabb, in the synonymy. Von Martens (!)/'<■ JLlicr, n, 2 ed. p. 268, 1861)f places in Pupacea the genus Macroceramus, dividing it into three sub- genera, Macroct ramus of which M. signatus Guild, is the type, and Anoma and Lia^ embracing species included by Pfeiffer and II. and A. Adams in CylindreUa, the t}-pe of the former being C. tricolor Pfr., and of the latter C. Maugeri Wood. In 1865 {Ann. /.//<■. viii. L62) I published the annexed figures Fig. 4. Buccal Pl»t< of m slgnattu, Lingvo] Dentltl f Uacroceram q ,i . i ortola natns, Ootid. of the jaw and teeth of M. snjmilns, which show that the genus * The jaws of and Balea are described (Du Heliceen) ns being very lar, — that of the former "arcuate, inbtiliter atriatula, medio asepiua prominula," tod "f tiic latter "parum btiliter striatals, medio prominula." f Albera (Bit n I ed. 207, 1850) placed Leia in OyKndreUa with Descriptions of X, w Spt cu 8. Macroceramus Guilding, as Morch remarks («7bi r. I vii. 257, 1S67), belongs to his division Goniognatha, the jaw- being composed, as in Orthalia a, of Oblique plates. The teeth are arranged in the same manner as those of ( tylindrella. Pi'eiffer (Malak. Blatt. p. 233, lSt'.Ti, in liis review of the classification in the Die Hdiceen, expresses hie belief that Anoma and Lia belong rather to CylindreUa than Ma r mus, but remarks that the animal is unknown. During the last two years M.'Crossc has npeatrdly called my attention to the importance of examining the animal of some species of the group to which C. Maug\ ri belongs. Lately, I obtained from my friend Nath. Wilson, the distinguished Botanist of Jamaica, several specimens of 0. Blandiana 1'iV., placed by Yon Martens in the subgenus Lia ><'■ M Although the animals were dead, I secure*! the lingual ribl B. I found no jaw, and seeing the character of the teeth, bolii that none exists. From the accompanying figure (by Morse), it will bi that in form and arrangement the ,. . teeth are decidedly of CyUndrella type. The median tooth is long and narrow, terminating in a single cusp. The laterals are bicuspid; posterior margin of the plates fringed ; anterior cusp fringed, posterior cusp bluntly notched. The formula 55-1-55 x 145. '■"*' This seems to establish the fact that Lia. and I believe Anoma also, must be Be] Maorowamus, and that, in accordance with the v'u Pfeiffer and II. and A. Adam-, they 1..-' S6 A Catalogue, oftht Birds found in Costa Rica. III. — _ 1 Catalogue of tJa Birds found in Costa Rica. By Geo. X. Lawrence. Read Feb. 17th, 1868. Tin: tine collections of birds received by the Smithsonian In- stitution from Costa Rica, and which by the courtesy of Prof. Henry have been placed in *my hands for examination, form the basis of this Catalogue. These collections include most of the species heretofore re- corded as from that State, and likewise many of the interesting novelties recently obtained there and described in European and American scientific journals. Species not in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, which I have found noted as inhabiting Costa Rica, are also included, and the source given whence the information was derived. It is within the last few years only that special attention has been directed to the avi-fauna of the Southern portion of Cen- tral America. Occasional small collections secured by travel- lers engaged in various pursuits, gave an intimation of the val- uable discoveries likely to result from a systematic exploration of any portion of that region. I allude particularly to the in- teresting collection brought from Chiriqni, in 1850, by the botanist Warszewicz, and described by Mr. Gould in the Proc. Ziool. 8oc. of London, and to other specimens broughl subse- quently tV the same Province and from Veraguas. The first collections of any importance from Costa Rica were those forwarded to the Berlin Museum by Dr. von Frantzius, Dr. Hoffmann and Dr. EUendorf, being the results of their own explorations. I >r. .!. ( labanis, in the Journal fur OmithologU . under the title, " Review oj tin Birds from Costa Ricafound ■in tin Berlin Museum" (commencing at page 321, Vol. viii, in b aeries of papers enumerating the species Bent by A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa .': s; the above-named gentlemen; many of them proved new to science and were of much interest; the whole Dumber of biw cies given in these papers amounted to one hundred and fifty- Dr. Hoffmann unfortunately died in Costa Rica. Dr. Ellen- dorf returned home, but Dr. von Frantzius yel remains in the country, located at San Jose. To the Hon. C. N. Kiotte, late U. S. Minister to Costa Rica, the Smithsonian Institution is deeply indebted, not only for his own contributions of specimens of Natural Bistory, but for bringing it into communication with Dr. von Frantzius, Mr. .Ju- lian Carmiol, and his son, Mr. F. Carraiol, from whom the valu- able additions to the Museum of the Institution haw mainly been acquired; it has many specimens, also, which have on their labels the names of J. Cooper and J. Zeledon as collectors. A small but interesting collection of Humming Birds was received at the Smithsonian in the summer of l s »'>7, from Mr. .A. E. End res. Since the publication of Dr. Cabanis' papers, Mr. < »- ; Salvin has described many new Costa Rican Bpecies In the Proc. of the Zool. Soc, under the following titles: " On a new species of CalUste" viz., C. down, 1863, p. 168; U D scriptions of Thirteen New Species of Birds from Central America" 1S63, p. 186 — two of these came from Costa Rica, viz., Vireo pollens and Mainea an narum : u Descript Seventeen New Species of Birds f mm Costa Rica" L864, p. 5 We are also indebted to Mr. P. L. Sclater for two additions to the Costa Eican fauna, viz., Leucoptemis prineept /'./ K 1865, p. 429, and Tetiragonops frantzii, Ibis^ Vol. vi. p. 371. Many new species from Costa Rica have been • American ornithologists. Prof. Baird, in " Review of American Birds" adds the fol- lowing species: Panda inornate, BatUeutei Setophaga aurantiaca, Stelgidopteryx fulvigvla, and 1 carmioli ; also in the Armalsofth N. )'. I . tf N. h '.. Yol. viii. p. 478, he described Pin ucticw tibia 88 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Mica. Mr. John Cassin characterized several new Bpecies in the Proc. of the Phil. Acad, of Sciences ; in 1865, p. 91, Chryso- mUris ftryantii, and at page 169, in a paper entitled, " On 807m Conirostral Birds from Costa Rica in the collection of tli, Smithsonian Institution" he enumerated twenty-two spe- . tli ret 1 of which were new to science, viz., Arremon dor- salis, Buarremon crassirostris, and Euphonia annece / in 1867, p. 51, he described a new Icterus, I. Salcini. Within the past three years twenty-two species from Costa Rica have been described as new by myself in the Annals of 1li< N. )'. /.;/'■' mil of N. II., and three species in the Proceed- ings of the Phil. Academy. In the examination of specimens for the present catalogue, I find several other species, which appear to be new to science, ami they are accordingly so characterized. There are several portions of Costa Rica as yet unexplored, from which many additional species may reasonably be ex- pected, as every collection received adds to the fauna, not only known species, but also others not before described. Many birds are recorded from the neighboring Provinces of Ohiriqui and Veraguas, which have not yet been found in 1 ta Rica, but as they doubtless will be discovered, I have thought best to give lists of them, and of the Northern species which have been received from Panama, and which conse- quently nausi pass through Costa Rica in their migrations. No representative of the family Cypsdida has been sent from Costn Rica, bul Chcstwra zonaris should be found there, as it ie a South Anieiieim bird and occurs in Guatemala. The present Catalogue embraces all the families of the land birds; those of the water birds it is my intention to give here- after in a separate paper. 8pecieB noted from Chiricpii which may be found in Costa Rica : A Catalogue of the Birds found Coereba lucida, Scl. & Salv. Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. Spermophila collaris, Lawr. Tyrannulus elatus (Spix). Elainea chiriquensis, I wr. " semitlava. Lawr. Myiozetetea columbianoa, Cab. & Hein. G-eotrygon chiriquera Species noted from Veraguas likely to occur in Costa Rica, Microcerculus luscinia, Salv. Thryothorus rutilus, Vieill. Anthus parvus, Lawr. Hylophilus viridiflavus, Lawr. Pyranga hepatica, Sw. Oryzoborus funereus, Scl. Spermophila semi collar is, Lawr. Cacicus microrhynchus, Scl. & Salv. Icterus giraudii, Cassin. Sclerurus mexicanus, Scl. Synallaxis albescens, Temm. Phylidor fuscipermis, Salv. Dendroruis lachrymosa, Lawr. Dysithamnus puncticeps, Salv. Myrmotherula menetriesi. D'Orb. Ramphocsenus rufiventris, Bonap. Formicarius rufipectus, Salv. Grallaria guatemalensis, Prev. Pittasoma michleri, Cass. Colopterus pilaris, Cab. Serpophaga cin ~ trick.). Mionectes oleaginous, Licht Rhynchocyclus flavo-olivac* Lawr. Myiobius nsevius < Bodd.). Lipaagus unirufus, Scl. Pipra leucocilla, Linn. " cyaneocapilla, Hahn. Klais guimeti, Bourc. & Mula. Erythronota niveivei mid, Neomorphus salvini, ScL Pteroglossua erythropj • I mid, Capito maculicoron vrt. CampephiluB ha " malherbei, ' I Chloron<-rp.- cecilise, Malh. " cabo i (Main.). Columl>a rnfina, Temm. Geotrygon vera '■ vr - Northern species which have been obtained in Panao not yet observed in Costa Rica. Tardus fuscescens, Steph. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Linn. Dendrceca cserulea (Wils.). " maculosa (6m.). " castanea (Wils.). Myiodioctes mitratus (Gm.). Petrochelidon lunifi : y). Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. Melopiza lincolnii Todirostram scl Oontopu ■ I rdeiles ■ P 90 A Catalogue of tht Birds found, in Costa Rica. Sub-class I. INSESSQRES. ( >rder Passi m s. {Section Oscines.) Family Tuedidae. 1 . ( 'atharus mt lpom< ne {Cab.). Quebrada Honda (Dr. A. von Frantzius) ; San Jose (J. Car- tniol); Grecia (F. Carmiol). 2. Gatharus frantsii, Cab. San Jose (Dr. A. von Frantzius); Rancho Redondo (F. ( !armiol). 3. Gothams gracilirostris, Salvin, P. Z. S., lSGi, p. 580. San Mateo (J. Cooper). 4. ( 'atharus rru xican us {Bonap.). "Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. ."». L htharus fuscati r ( Lafr.). Cervantes. April, 1S«'>7. A single female specimen of what I suppose to be the above Bpeciea has lately been received from Dr. Frantzius. I have compared it with the type in the M usenm of the Boston Soc. <>!' N. !!.. and find it differs from it, in being much blacker above, and in having the central part of the breast and abdomen pale- yellowish fulvous, instead of white, as in the type; the ridge of the upper mandible is black as far down as on a line with the nostrils, the remaiuder of the bill is bright orange; in the type, the black color on the upper mandible extends much nearer to the edges ; these with the under mandible are yellowish-white. The type may have faded, but as they agree in size and in dis- tribution of color.-, they are probably identical. Possibly the difference in colors raav be seasonal. Mr. ( ». Salvin i/'. /. &, l s »'.7. p. L32) notices apparently the same species, received from v*eragnas, which he says: "Agrees closely with Mr. Sclater's example from Ecuador. The bill, however, is Bomewhat Larger, and in this fresh specimen, of a brighter orange-color." A Catalogue of the Birds found in > 91 Air. Sclater (P. Z. S., 1S59, p. 324) describe! as having the middle of the abdomen white, in which it agrees with the type. 6. Turdus 8wainsoni, Cab. Barranca, Frailes and Cervantes (J. Carmiol). 7. Tardus aliciae, JBaird. San Jose (Dr. A. von Frantzins). S. Turdus grayi, Bonap. San Jose & Barranca (J. Carmiol) ; Qnebrada Honda 'I>r. Frantzins). 9. Turdus leuchauchen, Scl. Kavarro (J. Cooper); Dota (F. Carmii 10. Turdus plebei us, Cab. Dota, San Jose and La Palma (Dr. Frantzius . Grecia and Cervantes (J. Garmiol). 11. Turdus /i/'f/rescens, Cab. Yolcan Yrazei (Juan Cooper); Dota (F. Carmiol). 12. Turdus obsoletus, Lawr. Cervantes, April, 1867 (J. Carmiol). A single specimen only of this s] has been as ceived at the Smithsonian Institution; it differs in plum from the type, solely in not having the Larger wing tipped with pale rufous. When Mr. Sclater saw the type, he considered if t.» be female of a black species. Mr. Salvin < /'. '/.. >'.. 1 v,; 7. p. 13 in noticing a specimen from Veraguas, exp opinion. The two specimens before me, from Panan Costa Rica, came labelled a> males, Mr. Salvin's had not the sex indicated. It seems to me to be a species allied to T. beius, in which the bIiow no material irarial a»e : the most marked character in which /. from them, is in having the crissum whit corresponds in color with the abdom< 13. Mimvs gracilis, ( '' ,i - 02 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. " Dr. Hoffmann " Cab. J. f. ()., Vol. viii. p. 410. Fain. Cinclidae. 14. Cindvs ardesiacus i SaVo., Ihis, lSG7,p. 121. I >ota (J. Zeledon). Fain. Sylviidak. 15. Polhqttthi sujh I'cilitti'is, Lu air. Angostura, Atiro and Guiatil (J. Oarmiol). Fam. Teoglodytidae. 1 ' I . Iih odin ocichla rosea {Less. ) . Fide Prof. S. F. Baird. 17. Campylorhynchus capistratus (Less.). San Mateo (J. Cooper). 18. Campylorhynokus sonatus, Less. Turrialba and Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Tucurriqui (J. Zele- don). 19. Cyphorinus leucostictus^ Cab. Angostura and Turrialba (F. Carmiol). -"■ Cyphorinus l> uoophrya (Tschudi). San Jose ( Dr. Frantzius). 21. ( h/phorin us lawn ncei, Sol. Angostura (J. ( Jarmiol). 22. Ph ugopi diu8fa8ciati/ve7itria I Lofr.). San Mateo i.l. ( looper). 23. Pheugopediua atrogularis, Salv. "Tucurriqui (Enrique Arce)." Sal v. P.Z.S., L864, p. 580. 2 1. Thryophihis rufalbus ( Lafr. >. San Mateo (J. ( looper). 'I'k ThryopMlu8 plewostictusi Scl. "Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 26. Thryophilus mud, sins (Cab.). San Jose* and Guiatil I.l. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooj)cr). A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa /.'' 27. ThryophUus thoracious (Salv.), Santa Rosa (J. Cariniol) ; Tucurriqui (J. Zeledon . 28. Thryqphilus casta/ra its {Lawr.). Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Angostura (F. Carmiol). 29. Troglodytes intermedins^ ( 1 ab. San Jose and Barranca (J. Carmiol). 30. Troglodytes in q u it / w, JBi i ii < I. " Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. ( >. Sal Tin. Mr. Salvin (P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 135) states that Mr. Sclater and himself had compared this species with the type Bpeciraen of T. tessellatus, Lair, et D'Orb., from the Museum d'Histoire Xaturelle of Paris, and found no "appreciable differences." In the Lafresnaye Collection, now in the Muse nm of the Boston Soc. of N". H., are two specimens of T. tesselatus marked "type;" a comparison with these showed the two 3p quite distinct. The color si tessellatus above [sofa darker brown with more of a reddish cast, the entire ander-plum is of a reddish fulvous brown, whereas T. inquiet/us has the throat, breast, and upper part of abdomen white, tinged with fulvous, and above has a tinge of olive ; the wing of U is much longer. I do not know how to reconcile the difference betw< i n I specimens in the Lafr. Coll. and the one in the Paris Museum, except by supposing the latter to b<' incorrectly labelled -tin fore for the present I must adhere to the probable accuracy Baron Lafresnaye's types in his own collection : his sp< came from Peru. Fam. Sylvicolida] . 31. Mniotilta varia {Linn. >. San Jose, Barranca and Juiz (J. Carmi 32. Panda outturalis, ( 'ab. Yolcan Xrazei (J. < looper). 33. Parula momaiOj Bai/rd. O-i A Catalogue of thi Birds found in Costa Rica. Barranca and Dota 1 1'. Carmiol); Angostura (J. Carmiol). 34. Protonotaria citrea {Bodd.). Punta Arenas (Capt. J. M.Dow). 35. Helminthophaga chrysoptera {Linn.). Barranca (J. Carmiol). 36. Helminthophaga peregrina ( Wils.). San .!<•<<■ and Grecia (J. Carmiol). ■ '<~. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gm.). San Jdsv (J. Carmiol). •"■ s . Dendroeca virens {Gm). Grecia and Barranca (F. Carmiol); Ranclio Redondo (J. < armiol). 30. Dendroeca coronata {Linn.). Angostura (F. Carmiol). -}". Dendroeca blackburnim (Gm.). San Jos6and Atiro (J. Carmiol) ; Barranca (F. Carmiol). 4-1. Dendroeca pen/nsyVoanica {Linn.). Grecia and Barranca (F. Carmiol). 42. I >, ndroeca cestiva {Gm.). San Jose (J. Carmiol |. !•'!. Dendro3ca vieilloti, Cassin. (ruflceps, Cab.) '•Dr. Ellendorf" Cab. .1. f. ( >., Vol. ix. p. 326. 44. Seiurus aurocapUlus {Linn.). Barranca (.1. ( larmiol). 45. Si iwrus noveboraa nsis I Gm.). San .]>»•'■ i 1 >r. Frantzius); Angostura (J. Carmiol). t6. Seiurus ludovicianus {Aud.). Barranca I F. ( 'armiol). 17. Oporomzs formosus ( II Us.). I »"ta (F. ( 'armiol i. t8, Geothlypis trichas {Linn.). ••Dr. Frantzius," Cab. -I. f. 0., Vol. ix. p. 84. r.>. Geothlypis Philadelphia { Wils.). Angostura and I )<>ta ( F, ( larmiol |, .".' I. G< othlypis macgiUivrayi I . ! ml.). A Catalogue of the Birds fowid in Costa /.' Barranca (F. Carmiol). 51. Icteria virens (Zdnn.). "Dr. Hoffmann," Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 103. 52. Myiodioctes canad nsis ( Linn.). Dota (F. Carmiol). 53. Myiodioctes pusillw ( WUs.). Barranca and Grecia (J. Carmiol); San .I— Dr. Frantzins). 54. Basileuterus cuUcivorus {LichtX Barranca and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); Grecia and Dota (F. Carmiol). 55. Basileuterus mesochrysus, Scl. San Jose, Grecia and Guiatil (J. Carmiol). 56. Basileuterus uropygialis, Scl. Angostura and Juiz (J. Carmiol). 57. Basileuterus ?nelanogenys, Bawd. San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzius). 58. Basileaiterus melanotis. sp. now Male. There is a black stripe on each Bide of the orowu which extends from the bill to the nape, central stripe 'lull pale orni with ashy tips to the feathers ; supra-ocular stripe grayish ash ; tl is a black spot in front of the eye, and a line of the Bame • "l<»r below it, also behind the eye a broad mark of black which extends over the ear; upper plumage olive green ; tail feathers olive brown with their margins colored like the back; quill feathers dark brown edged with olive green; under wing coverts pale yellow; il "whitish with just a tinge of pale fulvous on the chin, and of j yellow on the throat ; upper pari of breast and Bides of the bodj olive green, lighter than the back ; lower pari of breast and mid of abdomen of a clear pale yellow ; under tail covert* light dull low; upper mandible light brown, the under whitish ; "irid< low;" feel pale yellow. Length (fresh) :>\ in.; wii bill f ; tarsi }$. Habitat. Cervantes. Collected by J. Carmiol, April I- Type in Mas. Smithsonian Institution, No. 17408. 90 -1 Catalogue ofthi Birds found in Costa Mica. There is another specimen, also a male, sent by Dr. von Frantzius, collected at Birris; they are precisely alike. Remarks. It differs from all the allied species in the de- cided black coloring behind the eye, in the siipra-ocniar stripe being of a clear ash without any tinge of yellow or greenish, and in its paler under-plumage. .v.*. Setophaga ruHciUa {Linn.). Angostura (J. Carmiol); Turrialba (F. Carmiol). 60. Setophaga aurantiaca, Baird. Grecia and Barranca (F. Carmiol); Dota (J. Carmiol). 61. Setophaga torquata, Baird. San Jose and La Palma (Dr. Frantzius). Fain. IIikindinidae. • ',l'. Progne leucogaster, Baird. Rev. Am. Birds, j>. -i^v San Jose (Dr. A. von Frantzius). 63. AH '""iii ., Vol. ix. p. 93. 65. StelgidopU ryxfulvigula, Baird. Atiro i.l. Carmiol). Fam. VlREOMDAI . 66. VireosyVoia olivacea | /.inn.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). t;7. Vireosyl/via Jlavo^riridis, ( 'assin. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius) : Aterias (J. Coo] km-). 1 7/v osyloia j>Iiil. "Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 75. HylophUus pusillus, Zawr. Dota and Angostura (J. Carmiol). 76. Cychloris jtamventris, Lqfr. " Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. ( >. Salvin. 77. Cychloris sidrflavescens, Cab. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Dota (F. Carmiol). 78. Vireolanius pulchellus, Sd. c£ Salo. Angostura (J. Carmiol). Fam. Ampelidak. 79. Ptilogonys caudatus, Cab. San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Volcan Yrazei (J. ( \»o}.er . 80. Myiadestes melanops, Salv. La Palma (Dr. Frantzius); San Jose (J. Carmiol); Navai (J. Cooper). Fam. Coebebidae. 81. Diglossa plumbea, C>d>. Quebrada Honda and San Juan (Dr. v. Frantzius). 82. Dacnis venusta, Zawr. Dota (J. Carmiol). 83. Dacnis ultra?narirto, /../. Vol ix. p. •_'. APEIL, 1-0- 7 1"" .1 Catalogue, of the Birds found in Costa Rica. It differs from females of the allied species in the plumage being of a clearer olive and le6s brown. 11*2. Phcenicothraupis oarmioli. Bp.nov. Entire upper plumage <>t' a yellowish olive green; tail feathers olive green with Mack shafts; inner webs of the quills brownish black, the outer webs colored like the hack; under plumage oliva- ceous yellow, brighter or more yellow on the throat, ami somewhat dusky on the sides ; upper mandible hhu-k, the under blackish brown; "irides brown;" feet dark reddish brown. Length (fresh) 7£ in.; wing 3A ; tail 2|; bill J ; tarsi J. Habitat. A.ngostura, collected by F. Carmiol 11th March. 1^'>.">. Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No. 39039. There is in the collection only one other specimen, collected by -I. < Jarraiol, April 4th, ls07. Remarks. The two specimens agree in plumage and are marked as males, judging from analogy I should consider them to be females, but in coloring they are quite unlike the females of any other Bpecies of the same genus; the head is uniform in color with the hack, and has no indication of a crown spot ; the coloring above is of a clear green and below yellowish, with- out any tinge of fulvous brown, which color prevails in the plumage of the females of all the other species. I consider it without doubt to be a Phamicothraupis, and if the Bex is determined correctly, the coloration is of a very abnormal character. I have dedicated this specie- to Mr. V. Oarraiol, as a proper acknowledgment of hi.- efficiency as a collector. 1 L3. I jin ii< 1 1 ucothoraX) Salv. Tucurriqui, Angostura and Pacuare (J. Oarmiol). 1 I \. Eucometis spodocephala i Bonap.), Scl. and Salv. P. X. S.. 1864, p. 350. 11''. Tachvphonus luctuosuS) /. tin'- species, differs from two examples from Bogota in having much larger bill, in the ashy gray behind the ey< ith- out any tinge of olive (as in the I!"L r "ia specimens) and I cheeks being of a deeper black ; the only other n ference is, that the bird from Costa Rica has thi what shorter and more darkly colored, Pezopetes copitalia is not in the collection, b I tion of it does not agree with the specimen b< 124. Buarremon chrysopogon [Bonap.). Qnebrada IL»nda (Dr. Fiani/i ; San ' I 1 Carmio!). L25. Buarri man erassirostri . ( Barranca (J. Carmiol). 12G. Pezopetes capitalis, <'''-. 102 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. "Dr. A. v. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. viii. p. 415. 127. Arremon aurantivrostris, Lafr. San Mateo (J. Cooper) ; Dota (J. Zeledon) ; Guiatil (F. Car- mini). 128. Arremon ruf dorsal 'is, Cass. Turrialba (F. Carmiol). li".'. SaUator atriceps^ Less. Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 130. Saltator magnoides, Lafr. . Turrialba (F. Carmiol) ; San Jose and Angostura (J. Car- miol). 131. SaUator grandis, Licht. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Catargo (J. Cooper). 132. Pitylus grossus (Linn.). Payua (J. Carmiol). 133. Pitylvs poliogaster, Du Bus. Angostura (J. Carmiol). Fam. Fkingillidae. 134. Pheuoticua tibi>>/is, Boird. Ann. N. Y. Lye, Vol. viii. p. 478. . Tucnrriqui and Cervantes (J. Carmiol); San Jose (Dr. Frant- zius); Ilancho Redondo (F. Carmiol) ; 'Cervantes (J. Cooper). 135. Hedymeles ludovioian/us [Linn.). S;m .In-r (.1. Carmiol); La Palma (J. Zeledon). L36. Guiraca ccerulea {Linn.). Angostura 1 1". ( larmiol). 137. Guiraca concreta (JDu Bus.), Turrialba ami Angostura (J. < larmiol i. L38. SpermophUa moreUeti {Puch.). San .l<-< .1. ( larraiol > : < trecia < F. < larmiol). L39. SpermophUa hoffmanni^ Cab. "Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. ix. p. G. 1 l". SpermophUa corvmaj Set. A Catalogue of the Birds found in Cotta Ri 1";". Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Tnrrialba (F, I miol). 141. Yolatinia j ocarina {Linn.). San Jose (Dr. Frantzius) ; Barranca (J. Carmiol) ; Q ia 1 Carmiol). 142. Phonipara jpusilla (Sio.). San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Sachi (J. Carmiol). 143. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). Barranca, San Jose and Dota (J. Carmiol). 144. Cyano&piza ciris (Linn.). Fide Prof. S. F. Baird. 145. Amawospisa concolor, Cab. "Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 3, 146. Zonotrichia pUeata (Bodd.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). 147. Coturniculus pas8< rinu% ( WiU.). "Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 111. 148. Euspiza americana (Gm.). Tabacales (Dr. Frantzius); San Jose and Dota (J. Carml 149. Embernagra striaticeps, Lafr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 150. Embernagra siqierciliosa, Salv. "ISTicoya (Enrique Arce)." Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc., 18< p. 5S2. 151. Pyrgisoma biarcuatum (Prev.). "San Jose (Dr. Hoffmann)." Cab. J. f. I ».. Vol. viii. p. II-' 152. Pyrgisoma Jceineri, Bonap. San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia 1 1". < !armiol |. 153. Melozone leucotis (Cab.). * San Jose, Angostura, and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); San Jnan (Dr. Frantzius). 154. Chrysomitris mexicana (Sw.). Barranca and San «Tos6 (J. Carmiol i; San .1 Dr. 1 zius). 155. Chrysomitris columbidnc^ I 104 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Bica. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius). 156. Chrysomiiris hryantii, Cans. Dota (J. Carmiol). Fam. Icteridak. 157. Ocyalus ivagleri (Gray & Mitch.). San Jose, Turrialba and San Carlos (J. Carmiol). 15S. Ostinops montezumae (Less.). San Carlos and Angostura (J. Carmiol). 150. Amblycercus prevosti (Less.). San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Turrialba (F. Carmiol). ICO. Icterus pectoralis ( Wagl.). « Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. O., Yol. ix. p. 9. 161. Icterus salvini, Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1S67, p. 51. Turrialba and San Carlos (J. Carmiol). 162. Pendulinus ptrosthemelas (Strickland). "Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 163. Ilyphantes baltimore (Linn.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). 1 64. Xanthornus sjmrius (Linn.). Ban Jos6 (Dr. Frantzius and J. Carmiol). 16:.. Mnlnllirus aeneus (Wagl). San Jose (Dr. Frantzius). 1 *',<;. Agelaius phamiceus (Linn.). "Gulf of Nic.yi." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. L67. Quwcalus macrurus, Sw. •• Dr. Ellendorf." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. ix. p. 82. L68. SturneUa ludoviciana {Li mi.). San Jos6 (J. Oarmiol), Fam. <""i:\ [DAE. L69. Prilorhinus morio (Wagl). San .!"-<'• and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). A Catalogue of 'the Birds fovmdi 108 (Section Clamatores.) Fam. Dendkocolaptii>ai . 170. Synallaxis erythropts, Scl. Barranca and Dota (F. Carmiol); Birris (J. Zeledon >. 171. Synallaxis nigrifumosa, Laivr. Pavua (J. Carmiol). 172. Synallaxis rufisrenis. 8p. Il"\ Sides of the head, ear coverts, lores and superciliary Btripe of a rather light cinnamon red, the stripe extends buck from th< as far as the occiput, and that part of it is of a paler cinnamon ; crown and entire upper plumage olivaceous brown, with a oinmv momeous shade, the front is tinged with cinnamon ; tail <>: cinnamon red, a little paler underneath; wing ooverU an 1 outer margins of quills deep bright cinnamon, the inmr webs of the quill feathers brownish black, except the inner margin-, which air pale salmon color; under wing coverts light yellowish cinnamon ; under plumage olivaceous washed with pale cinnamon, the latter color prevailing on the throat, breast and middle of abdomen, the - I the neck and of the breast are more olivaceous; upper mandible black, the under pale yellowish white, black at the end ; feel black- ish brown. Length (skin) 6 in.; wing 2\\ tail 2}; bill ,", ; tart Type in my collection. Received from Costa Rica by A. Grarsia, Esq. There is no specimen in the Smithsonian coll tion. Remarks. This species somewhat resembh Scl., but in that species instead of the crown being olive • in S. rufigenis, it is dark cinnamon uniform in color with I sides of the head; in the color of the back th< much alike, but S. eryihrops is below without the pale cinnamon 00 the throat and breast, and has the chin grayish white, if ha darker under wing coverts and a larger bill ; the coloi the tail in the new spei of a lighter -hade, an are much darker. 106 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 1 7-°>. PkUydor rujbbrunneus, Lator. Barranca (J. Carmiol); San Jose* (Dr. Frantzius). 174. Philydor virgatus, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 1 7.".. „ I utomolus ctruinir/ularis, Scl. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 1 7»*». A utomolus pallwligularis, Lawr. I 'acuare and Gniatil (J. Carmiol) ; Angostura (F. Carmiol) ; Catargo (J. < Jooper). 1 77. Automolus rufescens, Lawr. Birris (J. Zeledon). 178. Anahazenops variegaticeps, Scl. Dota (J. Carmiol) ; Barranca (F. Carmiol). 179. Anabaze7iops Uneatus, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol); Birris and Cervantes (J. Zeledon). 180. Xenops mexicanus, Scl. Angostura, San Jose and Payua (J. Carmiol); Grecia (F. Carmiol). L 8 1. O.i i/ rli;/ 1 1 rh us fa m in iceps, Temm. San Jos6 (Dr. Frantzius). I can sec do difference between these specimens and others from Brazil. 182. Sitiasomus sylvioidcs, Lafr. I )oia (J. Carmiol). l v :'.. Margarorrm brunnescens, Scl. San Jose* (Dr. Frantzius); Rancho Redondo and Barranca (F. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooper) ; Birris (J. Zeledon). 1*4. Margaromis rubiginosa, Lawr, San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); San Mateo (J. Cooper). L85. Glyphorhynchus pectoraUs, ScL & Salv, "Enrique, Arc6." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. l v »i. Dendrooolaptes 8ancti~thomce, Lafr. San Jose* I Dr. Frantzius). 1-7. I> ndrocolaptes multisirigatus, Eyton. A Catalogue of the Birds f on ml In < !:' Navarro (J. Cooper). 188. Dendrornis jiardalotus, Yieill. Tucurriqui (J. Carmiol). 189. Dendrornis erythropygia, Scl Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Barranca (F. I miol). 190. Picolaptes affinis, Lafr. San Jose and Dota (J. Carmiol); Barranca I Y. Carmiol ». 191. Picolaptes compressus, Cab. "Dr. Ellendorf." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 243. 192. Picolaptes lineaticeps, Lafr. " Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. Fam. Formic 4ri dae. 193. Cymbilanius lineatus, Yieill. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 194. Thamnophilus melanocrissus, Scl. "Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 195. Thamnophilus doliatus (Linn.). "Dr. A. von Frantz : us." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. ix. p. 242. 196. Thamnophilus affinis, Cab. et Hein. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); San Mateo and Sachi (J. Ooo| 197. Thamnophilus punctatus, Cab. "Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. < >., Vol. ix. v . 241. 198. Thamnophilus ncevius (Gm.). Angostura and Payua (J. Carmiol). 199. ThamnopJiilus bridgesi, Scl. San Mateo (J. Cooper). 200. Thamnistes anabatii Iv. Angostura (J. Carmiol); Tncurriqui (J. Zeledon). 201. Dysilhamnus sernicinn' s Turrialba, Dota and Grecia(F. Carmiol ;G atil J. Carmiol). 202. DysiXkamnuB striatic^ . / Angostura (J. Carmiol). 203. Myrmolherula mcLnna. & l"^ A Catalogue of tht Birds found iri Costa Sica. Angostura. Payna and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 204. Myrmotherula fub'iventris, Laicr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 2< >5. Jfyrmolherula albigula, Laivr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 20(5. Tlyi'lliotlicriil.'i modesta. sp. nov. Male. Upper plumage of a greenish olive brown, the front, crown and hind neck tinged with dull rufous ; tail of a liver colored brown, the outer webs margined with dull rufous; inner webs of quills blackish brown, the outer webs and the wing coverts rufous brown, the margins of the latter brighter rufous; the under wing coverts and inner edges of quills pale salmon color ; the under plumage is of a dull ferruginous, quite pale on the throat and of a brighter rufous on the breast and middle of the abdomen; the under tail coverts dull rufous; upper mandible black with the cut- ting edges pale yellow, under mandible dusky yellowish white; feet dark brown. Length (fresh) 4 -J in. ; wing 2\ ; tail l\ ; bill f ¥ ; tarsi | ; Habitat. Grecia, collected by F. Carmiol, 9th Oct. 1865. There is also a female from the same collector, obtained at Dota, 3d Oct. 1866 ; this differs from the male only in the upper plumage inclining more to olive brown, and the breasl and abdomen being of a brighter rufous. Types in Mus. Smith. Institution, Nos. 11 t32 and 47486. Remarks. This species does nol much resemble any other of the genus, it is of about the si/-<' of M. ful/oiventriS) but has a much narrower and weaker bill, with longer wings ; it has no Bpote "ii the wing coverts. 207. Formicivora boucardii, &l. Ango-tura. San .l"~e and Pacuare (.1. Carmiol). 208. Formicivora schtsticolor. Lawr. Turrialba and Barranca I P. Carmiol). •_'"'.•. Ramphocamua semitorqualus, Lawr. "Val." (.(.Carmiol;. A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Ri This specimen as in the type has no postocular Bpot, bul darker on the breast, where it is of a blackish gray. 210. Gymnocichla nudiceps (Cassin). "Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 211. Cercomacra tyrannina, Scl. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 212. Myrmeciza immaculata, Scl. d- Salv. P. Z. i£, 1 864,/). 357. Payua and Angostura (J. Oarmiol). The distinctness of this species from M. exsul is mainly based upon its having the wing coverts without spots, M. • " ha- wing coverts distinctly spotted with white." The single Bp men in the collection has the wing coverts almost unspotted, but in my specimens from Panama they are very distinctly marked with small white spots. In one Panama specimen the entire under plumage is black, a little plnmbeons on the abdo- men. Two examples, male and female, in the S. In>t. Bins., col- lected on the Atrato, and labelled as M. exsul by Mr. Cassin, have the wing coverts marked with larger and ra aspic n- ous spots; in the Panama specimens the spots are confined to the small coverts, but in those from the Atrato the spo mpy the ends of all the wing coverts; the Atrato birds arc lig colored and appear as if they had been exposed to the weather, these may be the true M. exsul. 213. Myrmeciza lamwsticta, Salv. " Tncurriqui (Enrique Arce)." Salv.Pro - ,1864, p. i 211. Myrmeciza stictoptera^ Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 215. ETypocnemis ncevoides I L if . , Angostura (J. Carmiol); Tarrialba (F. Oarmi 210. Pithys bicolor, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 217. Phlogopsis macleannani^ La Angostura (J. Carmio 110 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 21S. Formicarius analis [Lafr. et JfOrb.). " Enriqne Arce." Sal v. P. Z. S., 1866, p. 74. I ascertained pome time since that the species from Panama referred by me [Ann. X. Y. Lye., Vol. vii. p. 326) to i* 7 . analis waa not that species, but F. hoffmanni ; the same in the Mus. of the Phil. Acad, is labelled F. analis, F. hoffmanni has a white spot in the lores, whereas in F. analis the lores are entirely black. 210. F orm icarius hqffmanni, Cah. " Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. ix. p. 93. 220. Grallaria />< rstpicillata, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 221. Grallaria dives, Sale. " Tucurriqui (Enrique Arce)" Salv. Proc.Zool.Soc.lS64-, p. 582. 222. Gfrallaricttla costariceneis, Lawr. Barranca (F. Carmiol). Fam. Tykanniiiak. 223. Attiln edateri) Lator. i ruiatil (J. Carmiol). 224. Sayomis aquatica, Scl. «(■ Salv. Julian < Sarmiol. 225. Copurue leuconoUis, Lafr. San Jos6 and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 226. PUtiyrhynchus cancrominus, Scil, Navarro (J. < looper). L'i'7. Platyrhynchus stiperciliaris, Lawr, •• Val." (J. Carmiol). 228. Todirostrum oinereum (Linn.). Turrialba and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). - 229. Todirostrum nigricepe, 861. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 230. Todirostrum ecaudat/wn [Lqfr.), A Catalogue of the Birds found in < ,, \\\ Angostura (J. Carmiol). 231. Oncostoma cinereigulare, Scl. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 232. Eu8carthmu8 squamicristatus^ Lafr. Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Dota (J. Zeledon); Grecia (F. Carmiol). 233. Mionectes oleagineus, Lield. " Enrique Arc*!" Collection of Mr. O. Sal v in. 234. Mionectes assimilis, Scl. Angostura, Guiatil and Payua (J. Carmiol). 23>. IHionectcs olivaccu*. Bp. dot. Entire upper plumage clear olive green; tail feathers of a light umber brown, with their outer margins yellowish green ; <|iiills dark brown with their outer edges yellowish ^am :m,i il, ■ inm-r j salmon color; under wing coverts yellowish buff; throat, bn and sides olive green, each feather with a pale yellowish white stripe along the shaft; abdomen and under tail coverts bright i yellow; upper mandible and end of lower black, base of l< mandible light reddish brown; feet light brown. Length (fresh) 5\ in.; wing 2'fJ-j tail 2 ; bill j ; tan Habitat. Barranca and Dota, collected 1>\ .1. I larmiol. Types in Mas. Smith. Inst., Nos. 42923 and 33421. The sexes are alike in plumage. Remarks. This species differs from .1/. 8triaticoUis in be without the fuliginous coloring which extends over the front, crown, cheeks and throat of that specie-, the abdomen clearer yellow, it is smaller in its measurements, and ba longer and narrower bill. Four specimens all agree in differing from M above stated. 230. Tyranny! hh brumu icapilluS) 1. iwr. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 237. Tyram/rdscvs villissimi . s . >' s \lv. Angostura and Dota (J. Carmiol) ; Tarrialba and liana; (F. Carmiol). 112 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 238. Tyrannt8cu8 parvus, Law?: "Turrialba (Enrique Arce)." Salv. P. Z. S., 1SG7, p. 147. 239. Elainea siibpagana, Sol. & Sale. San Jose* (J. Carmiol). 240. Elainea placens, Scl. Barranca and Gruiatil (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia (F. Carmiol). 241. Elainea frantzii, Later. San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frahtzius) ; Barranca and Dota (J. Car- miol). 242. El'iitiia arenarum] Salv. P. Z. S., 1SG3,^>. 190. " Punta Arenas." 243. Legatus alhicolUs ( Vl> ill.). San .l<>s£, Guiatil and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 244. Legatus variegatus, Scl. Dr. A. von Frantzius. l'4.">. Myiosetett 8 t< xensis (Girauel). San Joe and Angostura (J. Carmiol); Cartago (J. Cooper). 246. Myiozi a a s an>/tro6e (J. Carmiol). lU7. Myiozetetes marginatus, Lawr. Julian Carmiol. iM^. Rhynchocyclus sul/phurescens (Spix). Angostura (J. Carmiol). 219. Kliyiicliocychi* grigeimentalis. Bp. nov. 1 .mali'. Opper plumage of a yellowish olive green; tail olive brown margined on tin- outer webs of the feathers with olive green; wing ooverts and quills blackish brown edged with green- ish yellow; inside of wings and inner margins of quills very pale yellow ; under plumage <>live green, with the chin grayish and the middle of the abdomen yellow; upper mandible black, the under whitish; tarsi and tOW dark hrown. Length (fresh) 7 in.; wing :s ; tail 2\ ; hill ,",,, ; tarsi {J. /A//,//,//. Dota, Collected by .1. Oarmiol, Feb. 27th, l s <;7. Type in Smith. Institution, No. 17501. A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costft /i >'■■,/. \ {:] Two specimens are in the collection marked as females and precisely alike. Remarks. This in its general appearance is mnch like /.'. olivaceus from Brazil, but above is a little- more of a yellowish cast of plumage, with the breast much darker and the middle of the abdomen of a brighter and clearer yellow, it is without the fulvous edgings to the wing coverts and lias a larger bill, this being loiigerthan that of R.olivaa '/sand equally as broad. From R. brevirostris, Cab., it differs not only in its laracr bill, but by its more grayish chin, darker breast, and having the yellow more restricted to the centre of the abdomen ; /.'. hi rostris has the whole under plnmage more Buffused with yel- low, and the upper more of a yellowish green ; the new ?pecies in its upper coloring is intermediate between R. oliv - and R. brevirostris. R. mesorhynt'hus, Cab., from Guatemala is described :>- dif- fering from the Mexican R. brevirostris, though much like it, by its much larger bill, in which it much resembles /,'. olivact ue, but in brightness of coloring it corresponds with brevirostris. I have before me a specimen of R. brevirostris from Mexico, labelled by the Messrs. Verreaux, likewise four specimens from Guatemala; one sent to the Smith. Inst, by Mr. Salvin and labelled R. brevirostris, has the bill larger than tin' Mexican specimen; of the others, one has the bill agreeing in Bi'ze with that of the Mexican bird, the remaining two have rery much smaller bills; in plumage the birds from botb countries <•!.. agree; the difference in size of the bills between the two extremes is very marked; in the specimen from Mr. Salvin, the bill is nearly as large as that of R. olivaa us, in whicl agrees with Dr. Cabanis' description of /.'. mesorhynchx -. The size of the bill would therefore Beem pol to be a reliable char acter, as all the Guatemala specimens are clearly one Bpec I do not decide that R. brevirostris and /.'. m 101 hy are the same, as I have not seen the types, but would 'he comparison of a large series from each conntry. I APKIL, 1S68. 8 114 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 251 K PUangus >l> i-1>'i>h< us (Kauj).). Santa Ana (M. Lopez). 251. Myiodynastes nobilis, Scl. Barranca (J. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooper). 252. Myiodynastes lul, iv< utris, Bono p. Barranca (J. Carmiol); Turrialba (F. Carmiol) ; Birris (J. Zeledon). 253. Myiodynastes hemichrysus. Cab. (xujh:rciliaris,Lawr.). Soon after describing this species {A?i?i. JV. JT. Lye, Yol. viii. p. 470), I found it had been recorded from Costa Ttica by Dr. Cabanis (J.f 0., Vol. ix.p. 240) as M. chrysocephalus, Tschndi ; in his remarks he speaks of there being some points of differ- ence between them, and proposes to call it M. kemichrysus should it afterwards prove to be a distinct species ; believing it to be so, Dr. Cabanis' name consequently has priority. 254. Mt garhynch us mescicanvs (Lafr.). Barranca and San Jose (J. Carmiol); Turrialba and Grecia (F. Carmiol). 255. Mvscwora m< .ricana, Scl. Atonas (Dr. A. v. Frantzius). 25*!. Myiobi/us mlphurei [>y* <-"/"'/ phorus phcEOd reus, Scl. "Enrique A.rceV' Collection of Mr. <>. Salvin. 260. Mitrephorua wwremtwoentris^ La/wr. Tabacales and La Palma (Dr. Frantzius); Dota (J. Carmiol). 261. Empidonax truillii \ A >/,/.). Dota (F. Carmiol). 262. Empidonax fia/ovoi nirit, Board. < l-recia (J. Carmiol) ; Navarro (J. Cooper). A Catalogue of the Birds found in ( \,,- , /;. 1 1: , 263. Empidonax jlavescens, Lawr. Quebrada Honda (Dr. Frautzius) ; Barranca and Orecia (J. G armiol). 264. Contopus virens (Linn.). "Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. 0., VoL ix. p. 248. 265. Contopus horealis (Sw.). " Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 2 J 8. 266. Contopus richardsoni (Sw.). San Jose* (Dr. Frantzins) ; Frailes (J. Carmiol); Barranca (F. Carraiol). Mr. Sclater considers C.plebeius, Cab., to be the same species. 267. Contopus lugubris, Lawr. Barranca, Birris and Dota (J. Carmiol). 268. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). J. Carmiol. 269. Myiarchus panamemis, Lawr. " Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 270. Myiarchus lawrencii (Giraud). Angostura and Sachi (F. Carmiol); Pacnare (J. Carmiol). 271. Myiarchus nigricapillus, Cab. San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Barranca and Grecia < I". I larmiol). This species, if distinct from the preceding, is barely Bepa ble. Mr. Cabanis seems to have been donbtfnl about if. he says, "The difference may depend on season and on fresh moulting." A specimen from Mexico, which is anqnestionably M. lavjrencii, has the gray coloring <>t' the thro over the breast, this is also the case in several examples fr"m Guatemala; some of the specimens from Ooeta 1^ I agree in this character, while others have this color confined t.. the throat; in labelling them I have made this the point of differ ence; in those with the gray i *ted t<> the throat and <-'>n- sidered to be M. ntgrieapiUus, the crowns seem to l"- of s little deeper brown, but this last character i- not v. rv decided. 116 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 272. Tyrannus melamfihoMcus, Yi
    >>/>>'/>. San Mateo (J. Cooper); El Berilla (J. Zdcdon); Grecia (F. "Carmiol I. A Catalogue of the Birds found in GosUk /«'•' 117 287. Chiromacharis eandei {Pa/rzudl). Turrialba and Angostura (J. Carmiol). 288. Cotinga amabilis, Gould. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius). 289. Querula cruenta (Bodd.). ADgostura and Payua (J. Carmiol). 290. Caiyodectes nitidvs, Sofa. " Tucurriqui (Enrique Arce)." Sal v. 1*. Z. 8. L8M, p. 583. 291. Chasmorhynchustri'-uiuncuhifn.s.d.^' /:'. Verreax San Jose, Dota and Cervantes (J. Carmiol; Turrialba (J. Cooper). 292. Cephalopterus glabricoUis, Gould. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Angostura and Dota (J. Carmiol). This species was brought from Veraguas by Dr. J. K. M> r- ritt in 1852; he informed me that in certain localities in the mountains it was quite common, and that at any time when in want of a breakfast, a sufficient number for the purpose could easily be procured. Order Strisores. Fam. Momotida i.. 293. Jtfornotus ma-Hii, Spix. Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 294. Momotus lessoni, Less. San Jose and San Carlos (J. Carmiol) ; Dota and Qrecia Carmiol). 295. Prionirhynohus jplatyrhyiichiw, Leadb. Atiro, Barranca and Angostura (J. Carmiol). 296. Eumomota superoiUarie {Jard, t£ Sdb.). "Dr. Ellendorf." Cab. J. f. < >., Vol ix. p. - Fam. Au i i-imi'U . 297. Ceryle tarquata I Linn.). "Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. « »•• Vol. x. ]•• 108. IIS A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 298. Ceryle amazona {Lath.). " Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. x. p. 161. 299. Ceryle alcyon {Linn.). Navarro and Catargo (J. Cooper). 300. Ceryle eabanisi {Tsch.). San Jose* and San Carlos (J. Carmiol) ; Catargo (J. Cooper). 301. Ceryle superciliosa {Linn.). " Dr. Ellendorf." Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 25G. Fain. Galbulidae. 302. Galbula mcla?wgenia, Scl. Payua and San Carlos (J. Carmiol) ; Turrialba (J. Cooper). Fain. Eucconidae. 303. Malacoptila verm-pacis, Scl. Pacuare and Guiatil (J. Carmiol). 304. Malacoptila inornata {Du Bus). Angostura (J. Cooper) ; Dota (F. Carmiol). 305. Malacoptila costaricensis, Cab. San Mateo (J. Cooper). 306. Monasa peruana, Scl. San Carlos, San Jose, Pacuare and Payua ( J. Cooper). In these specimens the wings measure from 5£ to 5| inches and the tails 5£, instead of 5 and 4£ respectively, as given by Mr. Sclatcr ; otherwise they do not differ from his description. Fam. Tkogomi'.m. 307. Trogon 2> ,h/ l<'- <>< i >il //.s-/.v {(hn.) ? San .!<>.-»'• (J. Zeledon). ( me specimen only (a nestling) which I think is this species. 317. Ch/jrdeiles brasiUamts (Gm.). " Dr. Eoffmann." Cab. J. F. O., Vol. x. p. 165. :', 1 8. < 1 hord\ iU a U ■>■< bsw, Lawr. El Rio Tiribi (J. Zeledon). 819. Antinshuii us caroHnensis \ Gm.). Las Cruces de Candelaria i.l. Ze\edon). 320. NijctidromiiH alhicollis^Qm.). San Jos6 and Angostura (J. Carmiol). Fam. Ti:<>( mi [dab. 32 1 . l-jit,,.,; i , a (Hjuila ( Loddig{ e). A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa R 121 " Tucurriqui (E. Arce)." Salv. P. Z. S., 1SG7. p. L52. 322. Glaucis ruckeri (JSourc). A. R. Endres. 323. Glaucis mieus,Lawr. Proc. Phil. Acad., l x, ''7./\ j A. R. Endres. 324. Phcethornis longirostris (J>> hi ft re). "Val." (J. Carraiol); (A. R. Endres). 325. Phcethornis emiliw (Bourc). Angostura and Barranca (J. Carmiol). 326. Pygmornis adolphi (Bourc). Angostura (J. Carmiol) ; A. R. Endres. 327. Camjpylojpterus hernih ii<-ii ths (Z/icht.). "Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J.F. O., Vol. x. p. L62. 328. Phoeochroa cuvieri (Delatt. and B<> . "Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvia. 329. Eugenes spectabilis, Lawr. Rancho Reclondo (J. Carmiol). This specimen was received just after my description <.t" the species was published, it agrees with the type in every particular of plumage and dimensions. I placed it in Heliomaster, but Mr. Gould considers it a species of Eugenes, in which opinion I concur. Both the specimens are probably females, 330. Larrqyornis prevostii (Less.). " Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 331. Bampornis veraguensis, Gould. " Costa Rica." Gould, Intr. Troch. p. <'<•">. 332. Doryfera ludovicioe (Bourc. and Mids. t Cervantes (J. Carmiol). One specimen only is in the collection, which differs from Bogota examples in having a longer bill, this beingjusf inl mediate between those of D. ludovicia and of D. > "•• Mr. Salvin received a specimen from Veraguas which differed in a similar manner; he says i /'. /. - s '., l v, -7, p. I- 'The shining forehead is considerably darker and of a bluer shade, the bill longer, and the under plumage blacker than in a V 122 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. Granadian specimen of D. ludovieia before rae ; the wings too are shorter. Should the receipt of additional specimens con- firm the constancy of these distinctions, I propose for this race the name of Dorifera veraguensisr The Smithsonian specimen is without the bright spot on the front ; the under plumage is scarcely darker, and the wings are a little longer than in my specimens of D. ludovieia. 333. Chalybura melanorrhoa, Salv. (C. carmioli, Lawr.). Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 334. Chalybura isaurce, Gould. 11 Bocca del Toro." Gould, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 199. 335. Heliodoxa jacida, Gould (henryi, Lawr.). Angostura and Juiz (J. Carmiol). Mr. Salvin states, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 154, that he and Mr. Gould consider my II. henryi to be immature and identical with ILjacula. I have now seen five specimens from Costa Rica all alike, and not one with a bright frontal or throat spot. 336. Thalurania venusVi, Gould. Angostura (J. Carmiol) ; Tucurriqui (J. Zeledon) ; A. R. Endres. 337. Florisuga rnellivora {Linn.). A. R. Endres. 338. Mvcrochera albocoronata (Lawr.). Capt. J. M. Dow, fide S. F. Baird. 339. Microchera parvirostris (Lawr.). Angostura (J. Carmiol). My name for this species was proposed for the female, the male since received is very beautiful, of which I add the fol- lowing description. Front and crown pure white, lores black; the rest of the plumage above and below is of an exceedingly rich purplish crimson ; upper tail coverts coppery red ; the two central tail feathers are coppery bronze, the others arc of a whitish gray for about half their length, gradually becoming purplish black, A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 123 the extreme ends white ; wings brownish purple ; bill and feet black. Length (fresh) 3 in. ; wing If ; tail £ ; bill T \. Remarks. Although resembling M. albocoronata in its white crown, this species is quite different in coloring ; in M. albo- coronata the plumage is black, washed with carmine, in Borne lights appearing to be entirely black ; in M. parvirostris the plumage is clear and uniform in color, not appearing black in any position ; the tail is rounding and the black coloring at the end is quite different from that of M. albocoronata, in which the tail is even, and it has a strongly defined subtenninal black band. 340. Gouldia conversi (Bourc). "Enrique ArceV' Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 341. Trochilus colubris, Linn. Las Cruces de Candelaria (J. Zeledon). 342. Selasphorus scintilla, Gould. Barranca (F. Carmiol); Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Las Crnces de Candelaria (J. Zeledon). 343. Selasphorus flammula, Salv. "Yolcan de Catargo (E. Arce)," Salv. P.Z.S.,1864, p. 586. 344. Doricha bryantce, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Lye, V6L mix. p. 483. Dota (J. Carmiol); Las Cruces de Candelaria (J. Zeledon). I have the female of this species, which I found in the collec- tion received from Costa Rica by A. C. Garsia, Esq. It ii a dark coppery green above, the two central tail feathers are dark bronzy green dusky at the ends, the next, on each Bide, green with the ends largely black, tin' pair next in order are chestnut at base, then green on the outer webfl and terminating in black, the exterior two pairs on each Bide are cheetnul at bate, then green for a6hort distance, BUCCeeded by a black band and ending with chestnut; lores black, bordered above with eh 124 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. nut ; a white mark behind the eye ; sides of the head and of the neck blackish brown ; throat and breast pale chestnut, sides of the abdomen of a deeper chestnut, middle of abdomen whitish. It somewhat resembles the female D. evelynee, but is much darker in its coloring. 345. Panterpe insignis, Cab. La Candelaria (Dr. Frantzius) ; Yolcan Yrazei (J. Cooper). 346. Anthocephala castaneiventris, Gould. La Candelaria (Dr. Frantzius) ; San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Vol- can Yrazei (J. Cooper). I wrote Dr. Frantzius requesting his opinion, whether this bird was entitled to be considered a valid species or not ; in a letter dated in February he replies as follows : " In my opinion Anthocephala castaneiventris, Gould, is the fe- male of Panterpe insignis. My grounds for believing so are the following: I have always received both from the same place, La Candelaria. All the specimens of the former now in my possession are females, and all the specimens of the Panterpe are males. The bright crown in both is identical, as likewise the shape of their bills." This coincides with the opinion expressed by me {Ann. N. Y. Lye., Vol. viii. p. 45), but from which Mr. Salvin dissented. Since the receipt of Dr. Frantzius' letter, I have had my opinion unsettled by specimens of Oreopyra calolo&ma received Lately from the Smith. Inst., and now under examination, there are two pairs apparently $ and ? ; one pair marked with same date and locality. Mr. Salvin under 0. calolaima suggests that A. castanciventris may be the female of that species, or possibly distinct as given by Mr. Gould. I must confess that with nu- merous specimens before me I am unable to arrive at a definite conclusion as to the true status of the bird described as A. castaneiventris. A pair of birds previously received, which came together and are marked with same locality and date, I considered to be 3 and ? of P. insignis, yet the female differs A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Ri 125 in no perceptible character from eight other specimens ; it is possible that the females of P. insignis and 0. cablama may resemble each other so nearly as not to be separable. Bu1 few specimens have the sex indicated, but where it is, they are marked as females, they differ in the lustre on their fronts, but this may vary with age; the wings of the chestnut-bellied bird are of the same length or a little shorter than those of P. hi nis, and invariabl} 7 shorter than those of 0. cahlasma^ say from 4/ to f of an inch. I have, therefore, let A. castaneiventris remain as a Bpecies for the present, not doubting that its true position will l»e ascertained hereafter. 347. Oreopyra leucaspis, Gould. "Volcano of Chiriqui," Gould P. Z. S., I860, \>. 312. 348. Oreopyra hemileuca, Salv. " Turrialba and Tucurriqui (E. Arce)." Salv. P. Z. 8., L864, p. 584. 349. Oreopyra sabtema, Salv. (0. venusta, Lawr.). Eancho Kedondo (J. Carmiol) ; Las Cruces de Oandelaria (J. Zeledon). Mr. Gould wrote me, on seeing my type, that it ia identical with Mr. Salvin's species. 350. Oreopyra cinereicauda, Lawr. In my collection (A. C. Garsia). 351. Helioihrix barroti (Bourc). Angostura and Cervantes (J. Carmiol). 352. Petasophora cyanotis {Bourc.) ? Barranca and Dota (J. Carmiol); CaUrgo (J. I Mr. Cabanis {J.f. 0., Vol. x. p. 162) Bpeaka of the bird from Costa Rica as occupying a middle form between P. Mid P. thalassma, and says: "The fine blue coloring on the • appears to be broader, the subterminal dark tail band on the outer web of the outer feather ifl not w distinctly marked, but 120 A Catalogue of tl< > Birds found in Costa Rica. since Mr. Gould has indicated an extended locality and speaks of variations of this kind, and having but few examples (two) for comparison, I feel bound to leave the separation of the bird from Costa Rica for future comparison." There are before me nine examples from Costa Rica of both sexes ; at first sight this species might be taken for P. thalassina, but in fine specimens the colors are darker, with the tail of a deeper blue ; it is, however, quitedistinct ; as pointed out by Mr. Cabanis the blue coloring under the eyes and on the ears is more extended than in P. cyanotis, but the tail bands vary in distinctness ; it is of a deeper green than P. cyanotis, and lias the blue on the cheeks to extend as far as the forward part of the eye, while in cyanotis this color extends only as far as on a line with the middle of the eye; in thalassina, the blue «olor is continuous as far as the bill and covers the chin also, there is likewise a patch of blue on the breast of thalassina, not found in cyanotis ; in fine plumaged males of the bird from Costa Rica, there is just a perceptible tinge of blue on the breast. The size is about the same as that of thalassina, and apparently larger than cyanotis. Should these differences be considered sufficient to constitute it a new species, I propose for it the name of Petasophora cabanisii. 353. Heliomaster constanti (Ddati.). (.1. Carmfol) ; (Dr. Frantziu6). 854. //< I'm, a, i si, r Imnjirnstris ( Yi, ill.). " Enrique Arce." Collection of Mr. < >. Salvin. 355. 11,1'niin tsi, r pallidiceps, Gould, "Gulf of fficoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 850. Heliomaster sclateri, Cahanis. San .l"-«' (Dr. Frantzins); Angostura (J. Carmiol). There are three specimens from Costa Rica, but one of which is adult and has the ■. 1807, p. 232. A. R. Endres. 12S A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 364. Chrymr&mia diem {Bourc. et Jfuls.). A. R. Endres. 365. Juliamyia typica, 'Bona}?. Julian Carmiol. .".'it;. Damophila amabilis {Gould). Pecuare (J. Carmiol). 367. Sapphironia cceruh igularis {Gould). " Costa Rica." Gould, Intr. Troch. p. 1T2. 368. Chlorolampis salvini, Cab. San Jose (J. Carmiol). 369. Chlorostllbon assi?nilis, Lawr. Cartago (J. Cooper). Order ZYGODACTYLI. Fam. Cuculidae. 370. Crotophaga srdeirostris, Sw. San Jose (J. Carmiol). 371. Dromococcyxphasi'intll us (Spix). "Dr. Frantzms." Cab. .1. f. < >., Vol. x. p. 171. 372. Dlphiph "/'lis no rilis {Linn.). Guiatil (J. Carmiol); San MEateo (J. Cooper). 373. Play a imlihri, Bonap. San Jose (J. Carmiol); Angostura (F. Carmiol). 374. Morococoyx erythropygia (Less.). Pacaca (J. Zeledon). :;7.">. ( vecyzus aim rioan us 1 1. inn.). "Dr. Frantzius." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. x. p. L67. 376. ( bcof/zus i rythrophthalmu8 ( WUs.). Barranca I F, ( lariniol). Fam. Ka.mi'HAsi ikai;. :;T7. RampJiaetos tooard, \'i7, p. 103) that ti from Panama are the same, I am able to compare with /.'. carinatus from Mexico; as noticed by Mr. Cassin they differ in the southern bird having the red hand below the yellow of the throat much wider, yet with a large number of specimens before him, Mr. Cassin says: "I acknowledge myself quite perplexed to distinguish satisfactorily between them." Mr. Salvin (P. Z. &, 1867, p. 156) puts ajoprooeimatw as b synonym of carinatus and remarks: "This rac< closely allied to the more northern bird that I am unwilling separate them.'' I have two specimens from Panama, male and female, and but one from Mexico; this last has only a mere edging of red on the lower border of the yellow of the throat, and has the black coloring of the plumage tinged with purple, most ap- parent on the wings and tail, whereas the Panama specimens are of a greenish hue on those parts; the Mexican exampli larger in all its proportions than either of the othi Mr. Cassin in his " Study of the Rarrvphastidae^ keeps it separate from carinatus; I have also given it under Mr. Cabanis' name. It seems certainly to be a well marked race, it" not distinct. 379. Pteroglossus torquatus {Om.). Angostura and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 380. Ptero(jlos8usfranti'i. Cab. San Jose and Angostura (J. Carmiol). 381. Selnidera -y» >■/,//,,'/,'.<. ( '■/ a in . Julian Carmiol. 3S2. Aulacorhamphu8 cwriUeiffularis, G '■/. Barranca, Dota and Turrialba (J. I Sarmiol). APIUL, 1888. 180 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. Fam. Capitonidae. 383. ( 'apito bourcu ri {Lafr.). Barranca (J. Oarmiol); Turrialba (J. Cooper). 384. Capito ETartlaubi {Lafr!). Barranca (J. Canniol). 385. Tetragonops frantsii, Scl. Ibis, Vol. vi.p.S71. San Jose (Dr. Frantzins); Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Navarro (J. Cooper) ; Birris and La Palma (J. Zeledon). The specimen described by Mr. Sclater from the Smithsonian collection was at the time unique and the sex unknown, it was jested that possibly it was "a female of a more gaudily colored male," and the hope expressed that other examples might be obtained, to determine whether the sexes differ in plumage. It would appear to be rather an abundant species and widely distributed, as there are now before me fourteen specimens, Bince received at the Smithsonian. These are from several col- lectors and of both sexes; in general coloration there is no difference between them, but the tuft of peculiar elongated black lustrous feathers on the hind neck, seems to be a char- acteristic of the male, and 16 entirely wanting in the female. Fain. P» [DAE. 6. ( 'amjpephilus guain malt nsis (HarM.), San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Angostura (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia (F. Carmiol). r. Dryocopus scapularis ( Vigm - Dr. Frantzius." Gab. J. f. 0., Vol. x. p. 176. 388. Picus jardinii } Math. San .Iom ; and (Vrvante- (J, Carmiol); Birris (J. Zeh'don). 389. Picus harrisii, . I ud\ " Dr. Hoffmann." Cab. J. f. 0., Vol. x. p. L75. 390. ( '. !■ us castam as ( Wagl.). Angostura (F. Carmiol); Turrialba(J. Cooper). A Catalogue of 'the Birds found in i [81 391. Chloronerpes'oleagineus (Zieht). Barranca and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 392. Chloronerpes yucatanensis {( 'abot). ( uropygi ■ ' .< Turrialba (J. Cooper); Barranca (J. Carmiol). 393. Melanerpes formidvorus {SwX San Jose and Barranca (J. Carmiol); Dota and Birris (J. Zeledon). 394. Centurus hoffmanni^ Cab. San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia (F. Carmiol). 395. Centurus geririi (Temm.). (pucherani, Malh.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). Fam. Psittacidak. 396. Sittace macao {Linn.). Los Anonos (J. Zeledon). 397. Sittace militaris {Linn.). Barba (J. Carmiol.) 398. Brotogeris tovi {Gm.). " Gnlf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 399. Conurus petzii {Seibl.). San Jose (J. Carmiol); Saclii (F. Carmiol) ; Juan (J. Zeled 400. Conurus hofmanni, €'<>?>. Angostura (J. Carmiol); Frailes (F. Carmi< to (J. Cooper). 401. Chrysotis jnilv* r"l> />t7. Syrnium perspiciUatum {Lath,.). Los Anonos (J. Zeledon). 4i»S. Symium c'wijatuui, Cassin. Dota (J. Zeledon). !"'.♦. Ciccaba nigrolineata, Sri. San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzins). 410. Bubo virginianus {Gm.). San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzins). 411. Scops orasUianus (Gm>.) {choliba VieiU.). San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzins). 412. Scops nudijMs ( VieilL). " Enrique Arcv." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 413. Lopilwstrix stricklandi, Scl. db Salv. San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzins). 414. Stria perbito, Lichl. San Jose (Dr. A. v. Frantzins). Fain. Falconidae. 415. Pohjborus auduboni, Cassin. S;ui .!"-<'• (J. Carmiol). 410. Ibycti r arm ricanus (Bodd.). Ban -I"-*' (J. Carmiol). 417. //< //" tothi res cachinnans (Lmn.). Dr. A. v.ui Frantzins. ■\ l B. Spieot tf/us ornatus ( J 0a ud '. I. Sail Jo ■■'• (J. Carmiol); La I'alma and Jnan (J. Zeledon) ■ir.». Spiaaetus tyrannw [Max.). •• Enrique ArceV' Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 4l'<». Spizai tits nu lanolt ucus (, \ <> ill.). A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 138 La Palma (J. Zeledon). 421. Uruhitinga zonura {Shaw). San Jose (J. Carmiol). 422. Uruhitinga anthracina (NUzscK). San Jose (Dr. Frantzius); Angostura (F. Carmiol). 423. Buteo borealis var. montanus, Nvtt. San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Los Tabacalea (J. Zeledon >. 424. Buteo penns-ylvanicus ( WUs. ). San Jose (J. Carmiol); Angostura (F. Carmiol). 425. Buteo erythronotus (King). San Jose (J. Carmiol); San Antonio (J. Zeledon). 426. Buteo albonotatus. Kaup. f San Jose (J. Carmiol). The specimen before me is a young bird, and I think may be of the species to which I refer it. I have nol met with any description of B. albonotatus in its immature plumage, it re- sembles my specimen of the adult in its general proportions, though smaller, the feet and bill are especially so; it has tin- front part of the tarsus feathered below the knee as in /'. al~ bonotatus. The feathers above are dark brown, showing much white on their edges, particularly on the head and hind n< the upper tail coverts are white with wavy brown bars; tail bluish ash, crossed with narrow dusky bars; under pluini white, with large oval brown spots on the breasl and a few sagittate ones on the sides; under wing coverte pale Balmon color, the under plumage more or less tinged with tin Length 18 in.; wing 15^ ; tail 8{ ; tarsi Si 427. Buteo fuliginosvx, Scl. La Palma (J. Zeledon). 428. Leucopternis semiplwmbeus, Lator. "Val." (J. Carmiol). 429. Zeucopternis princeps, Scl. P. Z. \. "Tucurriqui (Enrique Ar< ( Election of M . 0. 8a in. 430. Asturina nitida I Lath 134 A Catalogue of tin Birds found in Costa Mica. "GnlfofNicoya." Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 431. Asturina magnirostris {Gm.). .Juan (Dr. Frantzius); San Jose" and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 432. Micrastur s< mitorquatus ( Vu ill.). Las Cruces de Candelaria and Ran cho Redoneto (J. Zeledon). 433. Accipiter fuscus {Gm.). El Mojon (J. Zeledon). 434. Accipiter pileatus (Max.). San Jose (J. Carmiol); Dota (F. Carmiol); Turrialba (J. Cooper). 435. Accipiter cooperi, Bonap. El Mojon (J. Cooper). 436. Tinnunculus sparverius {Linn,.). - i Jose (J. Carmiol). 437. Hypotriorchis columbarius {Linn.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). 438. Hypotriorchis d< vtoIa ucus {Temm.). La Palma (J. Zeledon). ( 'ymindis cay< rim nsis {Gm.). " Gulf of Nico; Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. II". < 'ymindis uncmatus { T> nun.). San Jos^ (Dr. Frantzins). 111. Rosthram us sociaMUs ( I 'i< ill.). "Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Sal 1 t42. Elanoides furcatus { VieUl.). Birris (J. Zeledon). 1 )::.• cirrus Jmdsonius < Linn. San Ji • < larmiol). Family V i m i bidae. 1 1 1. Gyparchus papa I Lin - Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Sah Order PULLASTRAE. Fain. COLUMBIDAE. 11.".. C/doroenas fiwirost/ris ( Wagl!). A Catalogue of the Birds found in I ,'.' i:::. Barranca (J. Carmiol): Dota (J. Zeledo 446. Chloro, nas aTbilim a I Gray). Rancho Redondo (F. Carmiol); Juan (J. Zeledon). 447. Chloroenas nigrirostris, Scl. "Enrique Arce." Collection of O. Salvin. 448. Chloroenas subvinacea. Bp. dov. Male. Head, neck, and under plumage lighl purplish vinaceous, darker on the abdomen and sides, the throal paler and of a fulvous tinge; back, wing coverts and rump brownish cinnamon ; tail i fine dark brown slightly purplish, except the two central feathers, which are rather lighter in color and incline to olivai us brow o, the upper tail coverts are of the same color as the centra] tail feathi the quills are dark brown, the primaries blackish on the outer w which are narrowly margined with pale cinnamon, the inner \wl>- of the quill feathers are broadly marked with dull pale cinnamon to near their ends; the under wing coverts are viuaa with cinnamon; bill black; feet yellow. Length (fresh) 13^ in.; wing 6.1 ; tail 5^ ; tarsi "■. Habitat. Dota, collected by F. Carmiol 26th V »7. Type in Mus. Smith. Institution No., 47575. The female is a little smaller. \-2\ inches in length, and d fers in plumage only in being less vinaceous on the lower part of the hind neck and abdomen, where it is brownish cinnan Remarks. There are four specimens of this species ;, i I collection, all agreeing in plumage. It differs from ( in being generally lighter in color, the bark and rump cinnamon brown, instead of dull dark vinous; th vinacea are of an olivaceous cast, and the inner w< quills are not of a cinnamon color as in the pr< C. nigrirostris, Scl., is smaller than either thi and has the back and wing- dark oli wn. 449. Geot/rygon montana [Linn.). Angostura (J. and F. Oaruiiol). 450. Geot/rygon albwenter } Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol;. 136 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 4«51. Gcotrygoii costaricensis. sp. nov. Forehead and the forward part of the cheeks next the bill of a brownish salmon color ; cheeks and throat white ; there is a bar of deep black on each side from the eye to the bill, and a stripe of the same color extends from the upper part of the throat along each side of the neck and borders the white cheeks, these black lines approach each other quite closely on the throat ; across the middle of the crown and adjoining the salmon-colored front is a narrow band of grayish blue which gradually merges into the dark green of the occiput and hind neck ; the lower part and sides of the hind neck and the upper part of the back, are of a lighter or yellowish green, more lustrous and quite distinct from the deep green of the occiput ; scapulars and upper part of back rich purplish violet ; lower part of back, rump and wing coverts of a cinnamon brown, the upper tail coverts are darker, more of a vinous brown; two central tail feath- ers dull purplish brown, the two next of a duller brown, the outer three purplish black, terminating with ashy gray; primaries and secondaries blackish brown ; the tertiaries have their inner webs blackish brown, the outer brownish cinnamon; under wing coverts of a dusky brown ; neck and breast dark grayish plumbeous ; mid- dle of abdomen testaceous white with a slight tinge of pale rose color, sides chocolate brown, feathers of the flanks and under tail coverts brownish ash, ending in whitish; thighs ashy brown; bill hazel brown, the under mandible yellowish at the end ; tarsi and toes yellowish flesh color. Length about 10£ in.; wing 5£ ; tail 3| ; bill f ; tarsi /',.,• Received from Dr. A. v. Frantzius, precise locality un- known. Type in Mus. Smith. Institution, No. 30431. /,'■ marks. This beautiful pigeon bears but little resemblance to any species of which I cau find an acci.unt.it is allied to the group represented by G. caniceps from Cuba, the color of flic breasl in each is nearly the same, but they are not aliko other- : it lias much longer and stouter tarsi and toes than 0. caniceps. W2. Geotrygon cflDruleiceps. sp. nov. Female. The entire be:id above and on the Sides a- far as just below the <\ I 9, and the bind neck, are of a grayish blue, darker on A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Ri l.:; occiput and on the middle of the hind neck, where there is a tinge of dull dark green; upper plumage of a fine brownish cinnamon, rather brighter on the wings, the interscapular region is purplish violet; tail cinnamon brown, all except the two central feathers have asubterminal dusky band and the ends of the feathers pale ; primaries and secondaries brownish black; under wing coverts cin- namon brown; the sides of the head below the eyes, and the sides of the neck, are pale rufous, with a line of black across the cheek ; throat white ; lower part of neck and upper part of breast reddish cinnamon; sides of the breast brownish cinnamon; lower part of breast, abdomen and under tail coverts pale ashy cinnamon ; bill black ; feet reddish yellow. Length about 12 in. ; wing 6 ; tail 4 ; bill jj ; tarsi 1 j . Habitat. Cervantes. Collected by J. Zeledon, April, L867. Type in Mus. Smith. Institution, No. 51266. Remarks. This species does not require comparison with any other, the most distinguishing feature is the extent of blue on the head; it is of a stouter form than the preceding and has very strong legs. 453. Leptoptila verreauxi, Bona/p. San Jose and Barranca (J. Carmiol) ; Dota (F. Carmiol). 454. Leptqptila cassinii, Lawr. Proc. Phil. Acad., l v,; 7. p. 94. San Jose (Julian Carmiol) ; Tucurriqui (J. Zeledon). 45o. Leptoptila riot lei. sp. nov. Male. Front and part of crown pale roseate vinaoeous, gradually becoming olivaceous brown on the occiput and hind neck, which with the upper part of the back have changeable reflections of I reddish violet and green of different shad<-; hack and ramp brown- ish olive; central tail feathers browner than the back, tin feathers black, ending in white; prii and secondaries blackiah brown, tertiaries and wing coverts of the same i the back, the smaller coverts tinged with cinnamon brown; under wing coverts deep cinnamon red, inner webs of quills to mar their end, of a paler cinnamon ; chin ami upper pari of throat whil the head, the breast and upper part of the abdomen o\ a rather light brownish vinaceous ; sides oi the breast and of the abdomen 138 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. pale fulvous brown; middle of abdomen and under tail coverts white ; bill black ; the tarsi and toes appear to have been flesh color. * Length (skin) about 101 in. ; wing 51 ; tail 4 J ; bill \\ ; tarsi 1£. Habitat. Navarro. Collected by Juan Cooper. Type in Mus. Smith. Institution, No. 43044. Remarks. This species is a close ally of Z. rufaxilla, Z. albifrons, Gray,Z. verreauxi, Bonap.,and L. brachypt< ra, Gray : according to Mr. J. Verreaux, Z. albifrons, Bonap., Consp. A vium, II. p. 74, is the same as the last named species. The bird now described comes nearest to Z. brachyptera, but that has the front more of a grayish cast, and the cheeks brown- ish without any tinge of vinaceous ; the new species is a little darker on the breast and sides, the under wing coverts are of a brighter color, and the inner webs of the quills are cinnamon, whereas in brachyptera there is only a mere edging of pale salmon on the inner webs of the quill feathers; this last is a striking character of Z. brachyptera, as exhibited in fourteen specimens before me. Z. albifrons has a bluish front and crown, is much browner above, and has the sides of the neck and the breast of a brown- ish cast. Z. verreauxi is much like brachyptera and riottei in the up- per plumage, bul is very much paler and more roseate below. Z. rufaxilla has the front and crown bluish, bul differs from all others in having the neck in front and the sides of the head of a dull brownish rufous. /.. riotU i has a larger and stronger bill than any of the allied In all the Bpecies above alluded to, there is quite a close general resemblance, and it is rather difficult to point out in- telligibly by description, the difference in shades of coloring which mainly separates some of the Bpecies, J el in an autoptical examination the differences are very appreciable. !.'<;. /'< risU /■ be the female ; the quadrate purple markings on tin- win--.- are much the same, but the plumage otherwise is quite different, the front is brownish rufous, the upper plumage brownisb olive, the rump deep reddish brown, the under plumage dusky olive brown with the middle of the abdomen white. 458. CTiarmepelia passerina {Linn.). San Jose (J. Carmiol) ; Catargo (J. Cooper). 459. Chamcepelia rujipennis, Gray. San Jose (J. Carmiol). 460. Melopelia leucoptera {Linn.). San Jose (J. Carmiol). 461. Zenaidura carolinensis {Linn.). Yolcan Yrazei (J. Cooper); San Jose (J. Carmiol). Fam. Penelopidae. 462. Penelope jywpurascens, Wagl. Barranca and Angostura (J. Carmiol); La Palma (J. '/■■ don). 463. Chamcepetes unicolor, Salv. P. Z. S., L867, p. li La Palma (Dr. Frantzins); Rancho Redondo (J. Zeli Ion 464. Ortalida poliocephala, Wagl. San Jose (Dr. Frantzius) ; Turrialba (J. Carmiol) ; La Palma (J. Zeledon). Fain. Cracidae. 465. Crax globicera, Linn. San Jose (J.Carmiol). Sub-class II. CURSOR] Order GALLINAE. Fam. Perdiotd 466. Ortyx leylcmdi, Mom 140 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa lilca. San Jose" and Barranca (J. Carmiol). 467. Dendrortyx leucophrys, Gould. Dota (J. Carmiol) ; Las Crnces de Candelaria (J. Zelcdon). 468. Odonfophorus guttatus, Gould. Dota (J. Carmiol). 469. Odontqphortw veraguensis, Gould. Dota and Barranca (J. Carmiol); Las Cruces de Candelaria (J. Zeledon). 470. Odontophorus leucolcsnius, Salv. San Jose (Dr. Frantzins and J. Cooper). 471. Odontophorus melanotis, Salv. " Tucurriqui (E. Arcu)." Collection of Mr. O. Sal \ in. Fara. Ckyi'ti uidak. 472. Tinamvs robustus, Scl. San Jose and San Carlos (J. Carmiol). 473. Tiiiamiis l'rantzii. sp. nov. I ■'■ male. Head above and hind neck black, the front and the sid< a of the head are somewhat ashy ; general color of the plumage deep rufous brown, darker above, where the feathers arc finely vermiculated with black, and the wings, rump and upper tail coverts are marked with small whitish spots, most numerous on the wing coverts ; quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the primaries mottle. 1 with light rufous, the secondaries and tertiaries mottled with dull rufous on the outer webs, where they are also crossed \\ ith wavy bars of bright rufous, the under surface of quills ashy gray, with wavy bars of very pale rufous; throat rufous, paler on the up- per pari u here the color is clear, and darker on the lower where the feathers are pencilled with Mack; the under plumage is more rufous than the upper, and crossed with undulating black lines, the mid- dle of the abdomen is lighter in color; the sides, lower part of the abdomen and under tail coverts arc marked with pale rufous white spots ; upper mandible black, the under dusky yellowish ; tarsi and toes fleshy dark brown, claws blackish brown; hind pari of tarsus seedingly rough or corrugated. Length about 15 in.; wing 8$ ; tail 3; bill from rictus i | ;; ; from from ] | ; tarsi - ; : mid. toe and claw 2\ ; hind toe and claw A Catalogue of Birds fou ml in Costa Hi 111 Habitat. Cervantes. Collected by J. Zeledon. Type in Mus. Smith. Institution, No. 51285. Remarks. This fine Tina mou, which I have named in 00 pliment to Dr. A. von Frantzius, is the second large Bpeciea found to inhabit Central America. It is about the same size as T. robustus, Scl., but is much darker and quite different in coloring; it can also he readily distinguished from that species by its spotted appearance, rufous throat, mottled primaries (those of robustus bring im- maculate), and by its strikingly longer toes; the scutellffl on the hind part of the tarsus are more projecting than those of '/'. robustus. 474. Crypturus saUcei {Bonap.). San Jose (Dr. Frantzius). Order GRALLAE. Fam. ClIARADRIIDAE. 475. Charadrius virginicus, Borcl:. Julian Carmiol. 476. Aegialiiis vociferus (Linn.). Julian Carmiol. Fam. IIaematopodidak. 477. Haematopus palliatus, Temm. Capt. J. M. Dow. Fam. Scolopacidae. 478. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). Dr. A. von Frantzius. 479. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). Dr. A. von Frantzius. 4S0. Gambetta \flavi pea I Gm.). San Jose (Manuel L. Callej a) ; F. Carmiol. 48 L. Gambetta melanoleuca (Gm. San Jose (Manuel L. Calleja) ; J. Carmiol. 482. Rhyacophilus solitarius ( Wil San Jose (Manuel L. Calleja) ; J. Carmiol. FEB., 1S69. 10 ***■ I - Tl - NiT ' I,,T - 142 A Catalogue of Birds found in Costa liica. 483. Tringoides macularius (Linn.). Dr. A. von Frantzius. 484. Actiturus bartramius (Wils.). Julian Carmiol. Fam. Tantalidae. 485. Ibis alba (Linn.). " Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. Fam. Plataleidae. ^6. Platalea ajaja, Linn. Capt. J. M. Dow. Fam. Cancromidae. 487. Cancroma cochlearia, Linn. Eio Grande. J. Cooper. Fam. Ardeidae. 488. Demiegretta ludoviciana ( Wils.). Dr. A. von Frantzius. 489. Garzetta candidissima (Jaequin). Capt. J. M. Dow. 490. Ilerodias egr>iga major, Hard. Angostura (Dr. A. von Frantzius.) Fam. R\u, i i>ak. 496. Porzana aJbigularis (£awr.). '•Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. A Catalogue of Birds foun< I vn Costa Rica. II". 497. Aramides cayennensis (Gm..). Santa Ana (J. Zeledon). In my Catalogue of Birds from Panama (Ann. X. Y. I. . . I'. VII., p. 479), I referred this species erroneously to .1. rvficoUU, Gm. ; it is, however, A. ruficollis of Swainson. For some time I have known that the Panama bird was not ruficoUis ) Gm.; i' differed, in its much deeper color below, from specimens of .1. cayennensui in the Phil. Acad., but in them the color has no doubt faded. The Costa Pica example before me, as well as others from Nicaragua, are identical with those from Panama, and com- paring them with specimens from the Upper Amazon and Bogota (which I take to be cayennensis), I can see no essential points of difference. This species seems to be widely distributed, but in Honduras and Guatemala it is replaced by my A. albivenlri*. 4 08. Ftdica Americana, Gm. San Antonio (Dr. A. von Frantzius); J. Carmiol. Subclass III. NATATORES. (Section Laniellirostres.) Order LAMELLIROSTRES. Fam. Anatidae. 499. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). "Gulf of Nicoya." Collection of Mr. 0. Salvin. 500. Dafila acuta (Linn.). San Jose (Manuel L. Calleja). 501. Querquedula discors (Linn.). San Jose (Manuel L. Calleja). 502. Fulix affim's (For«t> r). San Antonio (Dr. A. von Frant/.'m (Section SimpUcirostri ft I Order STEGANOPODES. F.mi. PLOTIDAK. 503. Plotus anhinga, Linn. "Gulf of Nicoya" (E. An 144 A Catalogue of Birds found in Costa Rica. Order PYGOPODES. Fam. Podicipidae. 50-4. Podilymbus dominicus {Linn.). Dota (F. Carmiol). APPENDIX. A few recent additions to the land birds of the Costa Rican fauna are enumerated below : Fam. Tyrannidae. 505. Pogonotriccus I xeledoni. sp. nov. Mule. Head above and hind neck dark plumbeous, back, rump, and smaller wing-coverts yellowish-green ; tail light brown, with edges the color of the back ; quills, middle and larger wing-coverts brownish-black, the primaries just edged with yellow ; the other quills and the coverts more broadly bordered with light yellow ; under-wing coverts and inner margins of quills light yellow ; throat and a spot reaching from the eye to the bill, grayish-white ; breast, ahdomen, and under tail-coverts of a clear light yellow, the feathers of the breast and sides have their centres pale olive ; upper mandi- ble black, the under whitish ; tarsi and toes black. The second quill is longest, the first shorter than the fifth ; the bill is small and depressed. Length (fresh) 4£ in. ; wing, 2£ ; tail, 2 ; bill, f ; tarsi, 9-1 G. The female does not differ in plumage from the male ; the length is marked as being five inches. //abilal.—Dotn and Barranca. Collected by F. Carmiol. Types in Smithsonian collection. No. of S , 47513. Remarks. — From its style of coloring, I have included this species in the genus Pogonolriectis, but the bill is wider and Hatter; it may be of the same genus as a species recently de- Bcribed by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (P. Z. S, 1868, p. 389), from Veraguas, and referred by them to Leptolriccus (a form 1 am not acquainted with), though with a larger and wider bill. It ia possible that the present species and the one from Veraguas may be the same generically, and perhaps separable from both Pogonotricctu and L< ptotriccus. A Catalogue of Birds f,mnd in Costa Rica. L45 I have named this species in compliment to Mr. J. Zeledon, an intelligent and promising young naturalist and collector. 506. Lophornis helence (Delatt.). A. E. Endres. 507. Klais guimcti {Bourc. et Muls.). A. R. Endres. Fam. Psittacidae. 508. Chrysotis auripalliata, Less. San Jose (Dr. A. von Frantzius). 500. Chrysotis guatemalce, Hartl. Cervantes (J. Carmiol). Fam. Falconidae. 510. Harpy i a destructor {Linn.). San Jose' (Manuel L. Calleja). 511. Leucopternis semiplumbea, Lawr. "Valza (J. Carmiol)." Collection of Salvin and Godraan. Exotic Ornithology, 1868, Part viii., p. 121, pi. CI. In the following notes are some observations on birds previ" ously recorded, and changes of nomenclature made or i ned since the publication of the former part. 12. Turdus obsoletus. A specimen of this species lately received at the Smithsonian Institution from M. L . Calleja, marked as a female, does oot differ in plumage from the two specimens previously spo as males. 152. Pyrgisoma kieneri. Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (P. Z, S., L868, p. 824 b scribed the Costa Rica species under the nam'' of P. ca consideringit not to be the kieneri of l>onap.. the ty pic riple of which they lately had the opportunity of i Paris Museum. 181. Oxyrhynchus flammio The Costa Rican bird is separated from the Brazilian Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (P. Z. X, 1868, | .led 140 .1 Catalogtu of Birds found in Costa 11 ica. 0. f rater, based mainly for its separation on the longer hill and shorter wings and tail. L87. Dendfocolaptes muUistrigatus. The Central American bird has heretofore been considered the same as Eyton's species by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin {Hi*, l v 'i". p. 275); but recently having had the opportunity of com- paring it with the type, they determined it to be distinct and have described it under the name of D. puncticoUis (P. Z. &, L868, p. .~»4). The specimen above referred to in the Ibis, came from Guatemala; the example from Costa Rica is evidently tlie same, and must therefore bear the name of puncticoUis. 24S Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens. Having occasion lately to examine the species of Rhynchocyclus, I found the single speeimen in the collection, which 1 referred to sulphurescens, Spix, to be cinereiceps, Sel. 306. Monasa /» ruana. I noticed (antea p. 118) the large dimensions of the bird from Costa Rica, on which character Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (P. Z. S., l v ' ;v . p. 327) have described it as a new species, with the name of J/, grandior. 32 1. Eutoxeres aquila. In (Ann. and Mag. of X. //., June, L868, p. 455) Mr. Gould the bird from Veraguasand Costa Rica as distinct from /•;. aquila, though previously he thought them identical, and has conferred upon it the nameof I', salvini. No specimen of this species has yel been received at the Smithsonian. 360. EupTu i usa >. tim in. M< Sclater and Salvin ( P. Z. S., L868, p. 889) have separated the Costa Rica bird as distinct, calling il E. egregia y diflferin i eximia In the white mark on the outer two tail it tending partly on the outer webs ; in eximia, it is re stricted to the inner webs, though the pari "l the shaft adjoining is white. They describe the female as having the outer two tail feathers wholly white. A Catalogue of Birds found in Costa Rica, 117 "With two specimens under examination, they say, "The male is not quite adult, and would probably eventually lose all tra of the irregular dark margins of the outer tail leathers, as in female no traces of these spots appear." When I referred this species to eximia, there was but one specimen in the collection, a male, and if I noticed the extension of the white on the outer webs of the tail feathers, no doubt attributed it to immaturity; it appears, however, to be fully adult; the white mark occupies about two-thirds the width of the outer web of the outer tail feather, and the dark outer mar- gin is uninterrupted to the dark end of the feather. Two other males have been received since; in one tin- white extends on the outer web of the first lateral tail feather, as in the specimen described above, but the end of the feather is whit' the inner web is white, with a dark blotch near the end ; in the other the outer web is without white, except at tin 1 tip, and the white on the inner web extends to the end of the feather ; tfa two I consider to be not quite mature, though the plun perfect in other respects. In E. eximia the white is confined to the inner •■ clearly defined, extending evenly across the feather, and d not reach so near the end as in egregia : in the latter the wii and tail are somewhat longer. I examined twenty or more specimens of eximia from 'in mala, and found none with white on the outer v.- tail feathers. At first sight the two species would be Bupp >- 1 the on examination they differ in the white marl; above pointed out; the specific name sequently to the Costa Kican bird. 430. Asturina nitida. The M- sican and South birds of this form have . '" recording it from Costa Rica, I ov< »»1 Mr. Schlegel°(d/'^. d'IZist. Nat. des J'":, Bos, 1862 - the Mexican bird as distinct from I ■ *be 14S A Catalogue of Birds found in Costa Rica. name of A. plagiata, Licht. {Nomend. Was. Berol., p. 3). Distinguished by its stouter form, larger dimensions, and the greater number of its tail bands. I have no Costa Rica specimens at hand, but examples in my collection from Panama, as well as from Mexico, agree quite well with the measurements given by Mr. Schlegel. Two adult specimens from Panama have their wings 9£ and 10 inches, and their tails 7 and 7^; an adult from Jalapa, Mexico, had the wing 10 inches, the tail G.V ; another specimen in young plumage, also from Mexico, has the wing 9i inches, the tail 7i : the tail of the last is light brownish-gray, crossed with seven dark brown narrow bars on the central leathers, increasing to twelve bars on the outer feather ; this specimen agrees closely with Mr. Schlegel's description of A. plagiata, which was taken from specimens in the Berlin Museum. These are in immature plum- age, and were obtained near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Mr. Schlegel says. "Queue avcc douze bandes brunes," &c. In my speci- men, this number of bars exists only on the outer tail feather. 452. Geotrygon caruleicejps. AVhen I described this bird as new, it apparently was so, with the knowledge then possessed of the individual species in the genus G'r<>//'/(/on ; in other words, it differed from all that were recorded as being members of thai genus. At that time Mr. Sclater considered his G. chvriquensis (described /'. '/.. &, 1856, p. 143) to be the same as the species well known to ornitholo- gists as (1 . alh'tfdcirx, although their supposed identity was only discovered about the time of its announcement. See Km/. <> r . nit/,., Jan., 1808, Part v., p. 77, pi. xxxix. Such being its position when my description of cosruleiceps was written, there was no reason why I Bhould consult the origi- nal description of chiriquensis, for, of albifacies t which was stated to be identical with it, I had many specimens before me. Messrs. Sclater and Salvia subsequently found, on examination of the type of G. chiriquensis in thegalleryof the Jardin des Plantes, that they had committed an error in considering it the A Catalogue of Birds found in Costa Rica. 11'.' same as G. albifacies, and that it is really a distinct and valid species, of which they give a figure and make the correction {Exot. Ornith. Oct., 186S, Part viii., p. 123, pi. lxii.i. Judging from the last plate and description, my species Beems to be G. chiriquensis, which name, of course, must have priority. I was, in fact, misled in conferring a synonym on a spec since found to have a claim to a prior name, but the information then available justified the course which I adopted. In the JProc. of the Phil. Acad, of Sci. } l s, '>-\ p. L08, I do- scribed a Geotrygon from Panama, viz., G. aXbw< nt, r. A reviewer in the Ibis, 1866, p. 120, notices it as follows: "The close proximity of Panama to Chiriqui makes us Buspect it may ultimately prove identical with G. chiriquensis^ though there are discrepancies in the descriptions. Still, when such delicate bronze colors have to bespoken of, it is hardly likely that two writers should call the same tint by the same as The Chiriqui bird is somewhat larger (wings 5.9 inches insl of 5.5 inches) ; but not having specimens of either before 08, we cannot decide the point." With both species before me, I now state explicitly that they have but few points of resemblance : G. albiventer is very much smaller (about the >f G. rnoru tana), has no grayish-blue on the head, and although the colors of the upper plumage are somewhat alike, yel they are of quite different shades; below they are totally unlike, instead of the breast being dark castaneous as in chirigtu mis, in my sp it is pale lilac, and in the latter the belly and under tail are pure white, which in the former are of a rather light dull cinnamon. When I first saw the suggestion of tlv probable identity of the two species, it did not seem to me that the argum to sustain it had much force, as they were b jecture. 150 NoU respecting tin "Eyes of Arribh/opsis spelcsus. lY.— .Yn/c respecting th. Eyes oj Amblyopsis speljjus. By Tiiico. A. Tellkampf, M.D. Bead February 1st, 1S69. I WISH to offer some remarks in regard to the following statements respecting the eves of the Amblyopsis spelcsus, contained in a Report in the Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Efist. of 1851-54, p. 395, to which my attention was culled but recently : " Prof. Wyman exhibited under the microscope, specimens of the eyes of the Amblyopsis spelcsus, the so-called blind fish, from the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. In a dissection made pal years since, he had tailed to detect an}' organ of vision. Subsequently, Miiller Telkamph, of Berlin,* discovered minute Mack points, visible, with the aid of a lens, through the skin, but found no nerve or transparent media; Miiller compared them to the eye dots of invertebrate animals After careful examination, he found no trace of eye dots ex- ally, but in a mass of areolar tissue, occupying the usual position oi the orbit, and deeply buried in this tissue, so as to preclude contact with the skin, he detected two dark points, one "ii each side, symmetrically placed. He traced the optic nerve on both sides as far as the cranial walls, but its connection with the optic loins was nol ascertained." According to the above statements it must appear singular that J. Miiller and myself could see the minute black points — the eyes — through the skm, with the aid of a lens. ^ el not only .1. Miillei and myself, but others to whom they were pointed out, did see them, indistinctly even without the aid of a lens, in a specimen which I had bou-lit at the Cave House, near tin; Mammoth ('aye. That we were nol mistaken as to the signifi- cance of the minute black spots, symmetrically placed, that they • \ ii awkward contraction of the name of the late Johanm Miiller ol Berlin, tninenl physiologist, and of my own name, incorrectly spelt Note respecting the Eyes of Amblyopais spt ' • j. l.M were really the eyes, was proved by a careful micros amination. The specimen in which the eyes were visible externally had been preserved in a fluid called whiskey ; it was much Bbrivi and of a yellowish hue. In another specimen which I bad brought from the Mammoth Cave, preserved in alcohol, the eye dots were not visible externally. This fact was nol stated in my article on the blind fish (M tiller's Archiv, 184 1. p. 887, Berlin), because no artificial means had been used on my part to render the skin and the cellular tissue transparent, and also probably because at that time, when the Amlil.xp. whs considered • and was called accordingly the eyeless fish, the questions which engaged my attention particularly, were, whether this fish had eyes or not, and after they were discovered, what was the dej of their development. The question why the skin of one of the specimens exaraii by me at that time was transparent to a certain degree, was, for the reasons above stated, neither asked nor answered; but to this question there can be but one answer, viz., that the Quid in which one of the specimens had been preserved (the constitu- ent parts of which are unknown) had rendered the skin suffi- ciently translucent to cause the eyes to be visible externally. Having made this explanation, which I deem proper under the circumstances, I proceed to correct some of the statemi quoted, reported to have been made by Prof. Wyman, nan, "They (meaning Miiller and myself) found do tran media." That this statement is incorrect i from th parison made by J. Miiller of the rudimentary Amblyopia vpelceua with theeyesof the inv which have transparent media; but as no h tion was made, no details were given. The membran< sufficiently examined, however, to warrant ; A fact of special interest, that the eye had no No lens has since been found by Other i statement, that we found no nerve, ue lly be L52 Lepidopterological Miscellanies. before tbe microscopical examination of the e3"e was made I had already traced within the cranium the optic nerves from the optic lobes to the orbits, and represented them on tbe plate accom- panying my article (/. &). I did not trace the optic nerve within the orbit, because its existence between the optic nerve within the cranium and the retina could not be doubtful. "V. — Lepidopterological Miscellanies. By Coleman T. Robinson. Read March 1st, 1869. BOMBYC1DAE. Subfamily LTIIOSIIXAE, Stephens. El phanessa, Packard. Eoptianessa mendica, Packard. (Plate l, fig. 1.) Nvdaria mendica, Walker, P>. M., Lists, Part II., p. r>70, 1 B54 Eudule biseriata, Eerrich-Schsaffer, Lep. Exot., p. L9, fig. 441, L855. Euphanessa mendioa, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., III., p. LQ2, L864. Euphanessa mendica, Grote and Robinson, List Lep. N. A.. Pari L, p. 7. L868. Antennae, head, and thorax pale ochreous ; anterior wings, pale&testaceous subhyaline, Bhaded with ochreous along costa and external margin, with two irregalar gray bands composed of Bpote more or less interrupted by the veins, and a single similar gray circular Bpol beyond, near the middle of external margin. Posterior wings very pale testaceous, margined with pale ochreous. A.bdomen, pale testaceous or whitish. Lepidopterologioal Misa r lanies. 158 Under surface like the ripper. Expanse. 25-30 millimetres. Habitat. — Northern United States. Common. Euphanessa unicolor. sp. nor. (Plate 1, fig. 2.) Antennae black. Head and thorax, above and beneath, briffht red. Legs, red externally, internally blackish. Upper and under surfaces of both pairs of wings and fringes, bright red, unicolorous. Abdomen, above and beneath, red, Expanse. 23-25 millimetres. Habitat. — Texas. ("Waco County, June 24th," (i. \Y. Bel- frage.) ■ PYRALIDAE. Subfamily HYDROCAMPID A E. Genus OLIGOSTIGMA. Gtaen6e. Oligostigma albalis. sp. nov. (Plate 1, fig. 3.) Antenuse, palpi, head, thorax and appendages, and abdo- men, pure white. Anterior wings, white. A dark brown line, commencing at the base, runs along internal margin to before the middle, and curving upwardly to the cell runs thence straightly outwardly to beyond the middle, and curving upwardly joins tl, before apical third, enclosing a subcostal darl^brown dot. The space enclosed by this line is more or less finely do with scattered brown scales; beyond, asnbterminal dark-bn transverse line and a terminal yellow band, bordered out wardly and inwardly by narrow dark-brown lines. Frii white. Posterior wings white, with a transverse discal I i a subterminal line dark-brown. A terminal yellow band, lira by dark-brown lines as in the anterior pair. I I Under surface of both pairs pure whifc k'.rjxiits, . 23 millimetres. Habitat. — New York; Pennsylvania. 154 Lepidoph rological Misa ttan '<< s. Genus Cataclysta. Hiibner. Cataclysta birasciali*. sp. nov. (Plate 1, fig. 4.) Head, thorax, palpi, and antenna white. Anterior wings white, with two parallel, straight, pale ochre- ous bands across tlie middle, the margins of which are irregu- lar. There is a v-like ochreous mark just before the apex, enclosed by a similar larger mark, the base of which rests on the internal angle, the outer limb running along the margin to the apex, the inner limb attaining the costa at apical third. The wings are dusted with blackish scales, except the spaces between the double markings, which are either pure white or intermixed with silvery. Posterior wings white, with an ochreous patch on the disk, which appears like a broken continuation of the bands of the anterior pair, excepl that it is filled in centrally with blackish and metallic scales. Beyond, a short blackish streak above the middle runs parallel with the outer margin, but does not reach it. A small ochreous patch at anal angle, tilled in with black scales. The outer margin, from the middle to the tip, broadly margined with black, filled in with five irregular aggregations of shining metallic scales. Fringes of both pairs of wings white. Under surface of both pairs white, the anterior wings freely dusted with fuscous scales. The black terminal band of the upper surface of the posterior pair is reflected beneath in a terminal row of rounded black spots, separated by aggregations of metallic scales. Expanse, 1 •"» 1 7 millimetres. Habitat. — Texas, July 7th. (Belfrage.) Closely allied tor. qpulentalis, Lederer (Wiener Ent. fcfonat- Bchrift, vii., p. l s, '> ; Plate L 8, fig. 7), in which species the v-like mark on the anterior pair i> Singh . and there i< no Sub terminal short black streak' on the posterior wings. Lepidapterological Miscellanies. 155 CRAMBIDAE. Genus Eromene. Hiibner. Eromene tetaaia. sp nov. (Plate 1. fig. 5.) Head, thorax, and palpi, testaceous. Anterior wings dark testaceous, crossed beyond the middle by two straight parallel ochreous hands narrowly separated by a line of pale shining scales. Two narrow white bands sepa- rated by a line of dark testaceous scales, commencing on the costa at apical third, run obliquely outwardly tojusf before the external margin at one-third below the apex, thence obliquely inwardlv parallel to external margin to before internal ansle. Below the angle formed by these lines there is a Bubterminal row of black spots, eight in number, heavily margined out- wardly by aggregations of brilliant metallic scales, which, counting from above, unite the first spot with the second : the third with' the fourth; the fifth, sixth, and seventh, leaving the eighth at internal angle single. The space beyond the central bands is freely dusted with dark Bcales. Frii white. Posterior wings pure shining white, except a narrow termi- nal testaceous line. Fringes white. Under surface of both pairs of wing- white. Expanse. 20 millimetres. Habitat— Texas. April 25th. (G. W. Belfrage.) The hitherto described specie- of Eromene inhabit [taly and other countries on either side of the Mediterranean. /. ! ana is allied to K ramburiella (Zeller), hut the anterior wing our North American species are more elongate, the a] acute, and the central transverse bands crow jnsl the outer third, while in the European species they cross the middle of the wing. GELECHIDAE. < renufl 1 )i i'i:i 96 iBi \. 1 [aworth. Depre**aria cinereocostella, Clemens. (Plate I, fig. 6.) 150 Lepidqpterological Miscellanies. Depressaria cinereocostclht, Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 422, 1864. Head and thorax ashen gray. Palpi, whitish above, fuscous beneath. Anterior wings broadly gray along costa, brown, with a reddish tinge below, the entire surface marked with numerous longitudinal blackish streaks and dots. Hind wings fuscous, paler at base. Expanse. 6 IT, $ 20 millimetres. Habitat. — Massachusetts; New York. Mr. Francis Walker has described in the British Museum List, Part XXIX., p. 564, an American species of Depressaria. under the name D. clausella, which agrees in many respects with D. cinereocostella • but the latter has not the subterminal row of blackish streaks mentioned by the English entomolo- gist. D. clausella inhabits Georgia. Depressaria atrodorsella, Clemens. (Plate 1, fig. 7.) Depressaria atrodorsella, Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. L24, 1863. Palpi, pale ochreous beneath ; third joint ringed with black. Thorax and head black. Anterior wings pale ochreous, with several blackish costal dots beyond the base, and an irregular subapical costal patch of the same hue. Beneath the costa the wings are streaked longitudinally with dark brown, and a Bllffused diseal reddish brown shade contains a black dot before the middle, and a white dot in the darker portion of the shade beyond the middle. Posterior wings pale fa SCO OS below, beneath whitish. [Jnder surface of anterior pair fuscous, centrally margined with pale ochreous. Expanse. ' and , •_':; millimetres. Habitat.— Massachusetts (Sanborn) ; Putnam Co., New York. Lepidopb. rological Misct Uan u s. 1 5 i Depressaria pulvipennella> Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc Phil., II., p. 421, 1864. ' Second joint of palpi red beneath, internally pale ochreo third joint ochreous, ringed with dark brown. Eead, red above. Thorax, dark brown. Anterior wings dark ochreous, much clouded and Bpotted with dark brown. A large dark brown shade in the disc con- tains a central pale ochreous or white dot. Posterior wings and under surface of both pail's pale fuscou.8. Expanse. 22 millimetres. Habitat— Sew York. (Coll. C. T. R.), Texas (Belfrag Depressaria lecoiitella, Clemens. (Plate L, fig. 9.) Depressaria lecontella, Clemens. Proc. A.C. X. S. Phila., p. 174, 1S60. Head and palpi ochreous, the third joint of the latter with two brown rings. Anterior wings reddish ochreous, or ochreous much dotted and clouded with blackish brown. Two very prominenl black dots on the disc, just before and beyond the middle ami a rounded dark spot above near the outer dot. A Bubterminal row of black dots between the veins. Hind wings fuscous, fringes pale. Expanse. 21 millimetres. Habitat. — Pennsylvania (Theo. Bun Depressaria grotella, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 10.) Palpi pale ochreous, second joint fuscous beneath. Bead and thorax pale ochreous. Anterior wings pale ochreous, longitudinally streaked with dark brown from the base to beyond the middle, with a simi- larly colored prominent dot on the outer margin of the d which is slightly tinged with reddish brown. A -I'-t.-nninal row of dark dots nine in number. Posterior wings shining, very pale fuscous. Frio >n- colorous. MARCH, 1869. 1 1 V " L IX 158 Note on Bulimus Ciliatus, Gouhl. Under surface of both pairs pale fuscous. Expanse. 25-28 millimetres. Habitat. — New York: Pennsylvania. I take pleasure in dedicating this species to my friend and colaborer, Mr. A. R. Grote. VI. — Note on Bulimus ciliatus, Gould: By Mr. A. D. Brown*, of Princeton, N. J. Communicated by Mr. T. Bland, March 8th, 18G9. Gould, in his description of this species (Exped. Shells, p. 32), has the words "labrum simplex" and gives as habitat the " Organ Mountains, Brazil.'' His description was evidently taken from an immature shell, as I have collected many specimens of it with a well developed reflected lip. I found it not rare at " San Domingo," a suburb of Rio de Janeiro, but have never met with it in the Organ Monntains, although I have collected extensively among them. In San Do m in go, it is found upon the trunks of trees accom- panied by B. auris-leporis^ Brug. VII. — On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid,' its history^ its modes of separation from sesquioxyds, principally from Sesqui- oxyd of //■"//. and its estimation. l'.Y I "All, Si ■IIWEITZEtt. Bwd March nth. 1869. One of the most important and interesting chapters of natural science is the history of phosphoric acid. Not only has the stud)* of it given us a deeper insighl into the secret On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. L59 laws of nature, but it lias been a bearer of fruitful ideas, which have arisen from the reflections of the most pene- trating and ingenious chemists of all countries, who for one hundred and fifty years have labored to remove the dif- ficulties, to explain the anomalies, and to reduce to a fun- damental law the enigmatic phenomena which surronnd the knowledge of this acid and of its salts. The spirit of tin- present century has not yet succeeded in finding this; and whenever the tacts become too complicated, we have recourse to the assumption of modifications, which, however, leave the causes unexplained. The defectiveness of Buch interpre- tations we see all the more glaringly in the case of phosphoric acid, as in this acid we have to assume many modifications, and are obliged to express them with almost arbitrary consti- tutional signs in order to make them comparable with each other. I will, however, not dwell on the differenl phosphoric acids, which in part seem to bear a semi-organic character, but will o;ive a brief historical review of the so-called tribasic modification, and then enter upon the criticism of the modes of separating it from bases. Before doing this, however, I will tabulate the forty-two phosphatic minerals according to the year of their discovery, giving in the second number the time when the phosphoric acid in them was first determined quantitatively. 77-1834. Tusquois, Pliny (xxxvii., :;:: ; Oallais, Oallaina). Zellner (Isis 637). M. John made, in 1811, the first analysis, in which 1 \ looked phosphoric acid (Al a 0,=73 p. c.) I 1 the same time mentioned the presence of a Little PO (Ai Q. d. M. II. iii. 231). Al, 0,2, I'" • 5 BO. 77-1864. CallamiU, I 'liny (XXXVII., 83; Callais, I laina). Damour (C. R. LIX. 936). Damour made the first and only analysi to the 1GU On Tribasie Phosphoric Acid. method with metallic tin (described by M. Aime Girard, Bull. Soc. Cli. de Paris, I. p. 20) by which he found -±2.58 p. c. PO 6 . AL 0„ PO B +5 HO. 1747-1831. Pyromorphite i Wallerius (Min. gron Blyspath). Kersten (Schw. J. LXI. 1) may have been known before the edition of Wall. Mineralogy. Klaproth discovered in the year 1784 that it contained phos- phoric acid (Crell's Ann. I. 394), and Kersten, who analyzed nine different kinds, found 16.52 p. c. PO 5 ; one sample gave him 11.05 p. c. CaO 3, PO 5 . 3 (PbO 3, P0 5 )+PbCl. 1758-1821. Vwicmite, Cronstedt (Bloa Jarnjord, 182 Na- tnrligit Berlinerblatt). Vogel, Laugier, Strohmeyer. Klaproth, in the year 1784, found this mineral to contain phosphoric acid. Fe03, P0 5 + s 110. L770-1788. Apatite, Cronstedt (^Mineralogy). Prousl (J. d. Ph. p. XXXII. 241, phosphate calcaire). Tiic name Apatite, which Werner in the year 1786 gave to this mineral, was subsequently to Vauquelin's analysis (Ann. Chi. XXVI. 123). L798, applied to the whole class. CaO 3, VO b +h Ca(Cl ; Fl). This is, by the way, the firel phosphatic mineral in which phosphoric acid has been determined quantitatively ; and it seeme significant thai the most important phosphate, in fad the mosl important mineral to agriculture, a science that touches so nearly the welfare of nations, should have been first selected for analysis. In these facts is visible the hidden instinct of mankind thai feels the important, the necessary, in nature. 177- L823. Torbenrite, Born (Lytophycacium Born. 1.42). M. Richard Phillipe (Ann. Phil. II. 57). M. Gregor made, in 1819, the firsl analysis of this mineral, in which he found 74.4 I', 0, (overlooking the PO*). Berzelius, On Tribasia Phosphoric Acid. L61 in 1819, (Systeme mineralogique) found 72.15 l\ < > . Phillips obtained P0 5 =16, U a O a =60, CaO=9, by boiling the nitric acid solution with excess of Potassa, neutralizing with Ac and precipitating with PbO Ac. The two oxydes were Beparated by NH 3 . IT 2 3 2, P0 5 + CnO,II<) + 7 HO. 1779-1840. Plwmbogummite, De Lisle (Demeste Lettres snr la mineralogie). Damour (Ann. d. M. III. xvii. 191). Phosphate of lead was known long ago. But Berzelins, who made the tirst analysis of this mineral in the year 1820, did not find phosphoric acid (Schw. J. XXVII. 65). Du- frenoy noticed a little in 1835 (An. Ch. Phys. I. IX. II". Damour fuses with KO, CO 2 , and boils the filtrate with pure SiO 2 . The filtrate from the residue is evaporated with hydro- chloric acid (to separate SiO 2 ) and ignited with a known weight of sesquioxyd of iron. 3 (Pb03, P0 5 ) + « (Al, 3 3 HO.) 1791-1818. Lazulitr. Widenmann (Bergm. J. 346, April). Fuchs (Schw. J. XXIV. 373). Minerals of this character were known before, but ;i> their composition had not been previously investigated, a greal dif- ference of opinion prevailed among mineralogists as to placing them. Trommsdorff made the first analysis, in which lie found 66 p. c. Al s 3 , Klaproth soon afterwards 71 p. c. A!.. ' » , both overlooking the phosphoric acid. Fuchs boils the pnl mineral with caustic potassa, evaporate- and fuses it. Ele pro- ceeds then as described under Plumbogummite,but w PO as Ca03, PO s . Al, 0„P0 6 (MgO, FeO) HO. Up to the end of the eighteenth century eight phospha minerals only were known, and the composition of but on< them had been ascertained, that of Apatite. From thai time, 1788, the analysis of phosphates rested for Bixty years, until a Berzelius' investigations; we meet the next analysis of ap L62 On Tribadc Phosphoric Acid. phate in the year L818. We have to except, however, the Trip- lite, a mineral that was analyzed in 1802, by Vanquelin. 1801 L846. Pseudomdlachite, Karsten (Klaprolh K. Schrift. Ber. < res. Nat. Frenude iii. 304). Hermann (J. pr. Ch. XXXYIL). Many minerals existed of this constitution which had been analyzed before Hermann. 1 If was, however, the first to analyze them all ami classify them. He heats to red heat, and counting the loss as Mater, fuses with caustic soda. The residue after washing is oxyd of copper. After testing the wash- water for Al 2 3 and MnO, in their absence he calls the dif- ference phosphoric acid. 1. Tromboltthe, CuO 3, TO 5 2 + 6 IK), was first analyzed by Plattner. II. PO 6 =41.00. CuO=3 , ,>.20. HO=16.80. 2. Libethmite, Cu04, PO*+HO. (Cu0 4,P0 5 +HO) + (Cu0 4, PO r, + 2 HO). CuO 1. P0 5 +2HO is mentioned 1812 by Leonhardt (Leonhardt and Sclby's Mineral. Stud.). Kulm analyzed it in L844, also Berthier and Elermann. K. P0 5 =29.44 CnO=66.94 IK) 4.01 B. PO B 28.70 OnO=63.90 BO= 7.40 II. !'()'• 26.61 CuO 65.89 HO 5.50 3. Tagilithe^uO^ P0 5 H 3 HO, analyzed first by Hermann On Trihasio Phosphoric Acid. L63 P0 5 =2»;.44 CuO=61.29 HO=10.77 1.50 I-V. <>, 4. Dihydrite, CuO 5, P0 5 + -' HO, lias been analyzed by Arfvedson under the name of Phosphor-Kupfererz. Hermann made the first analysis. H. PO 5 =25.30 OuO=68.21 HO= 6.49 Afvs. PO 5 =24.70 CuO=68.20 HO = 5.97 5. Phosphoro calcite (CuO 5, P0 5 +2 IK >) + (Cu< I 5, I '« I HO) occurs principally in Taigilsk, also (a) in Rheinbreiten bach; it has been analyzed byKlaproth, Ivuhn, Lynn and Her- mann. (a) H. P0 5 =23.75— 23.47— 24.55 CaO=68.75— 67.73— 67.25 H0= 7.50— 8.80— -.-j" Kip. P0»= Cu0=68.13 H0= K. PO 8 21.52 CuO= 68.74 IK) . 8.62 I.. PO 8 :21.69 CuO 62 IK i 15.45 6. Ehlite, CuO 5, PO r ' + :: HO, liaa been analyzed by Berg mann. L62 On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. phate in the year 1 v l v . We have to except, however, the Trip- lite, a mineral that was analyzed in L802, by Vanquelin. 1801 1846. Pseudomalachite, Karsten (Klaprolh N. Schrift. ( . - Nat Preuude iii. 304 i. Bermann (J. pr. < !h. X X X VII.). Mai \ minerals existed of this constitution which had been analyzed before Hermann. Be was, however, the first to analyze them all and classify them. Be heats to red heat, and counting the loss as water, fuses with caustic soda. The residue after washing i> oxyd of copper. Aiter testing the wash- water for AJj 8 and Mn<). in their absence he calls the »lit'- ference phosphoric acid. 1. Tromboliihe y CuO 3, PO' 2+6HO, was first analyzed by ■ r. II. PO B = tl.00. CuO=39.20. HO L6.80. 2. Libethenite, CuO t, PO HO. .o I. PO HO) • (CuO I. PO 8 ■ 2 HO). Cu( u. PO • •_' IK) ie mentioned 1 v 1l' 1>\ Leonhardl (Leonhardl and Sclby'a Mineral. Stud.). Kuhn analyzed it in L 844, also Berthier and I [ermann. K. P( » 29.4 I CuO 66.94 BO kOl B. I'« »' 28.70 CuO 63.90 HO T.i" II. PO 26.61 CuO I IK» 5.50 , . .7,7/,.. Cu< » i. PO"+3 HO, analyzed first by Hermann On Tvibasio Phosphoric Acid. 103 PO 5 =20.44 CuO=61.29 HO=10.77 1.50 Fe 2 O s 4. Dihydrite, CuO 5, P0 3 + 2 HO, lias been analyzed by ArfVedson under the Dame of Phosphor-Kupfererz. Hermann made the first analysis. H. PO 5 =25.30 OuO=68.21 HO = 6.49 Afvs. P0 5 =24.7<» CuO=68.20 H0 = 5.97 5. Phosphoro calcite (CuO 5, P0 5 + 2 HO) + (CuO 5, P0 5 +3 HO) occurs principally in Taigilsk, also (a) in Rheinbreiten- bach ; it has been analyzed by Klaproth, Kuhn, Lynn and Her- mann. (a) H. P0 5 =23.75— 23.47— 24.55 CuO = 68.75— 07.73— 67.25 HO= 7.50— 8.80— 8.20 Kip. P0 5 = CuO=68.13 HO= — K. P0 5 =21.52 Cu0=68.74 HO= 8.62 L. P0 5 =21.69 CuO :62.85 BO=15.45 6. Ehlite, CuO 5, P0 5 + 3 HO, has been analyzed by Berg mann. On T Phosphoric Acid. B. P< l 24.93 26.70—26.22 ( ,,( » 1—65.74—64.85 H< , 9.06— 8.56 - 8.93 7. Kupferdiaspor (Lynn), GuO 5, PO 5 BO, was first analyzed by Lynn. L. P0 6 =24.22— 24.13 CuO=67.00— 69.61 BO= 8.78— 6.26 II. P0 5 =23.1 1 CuO=66.86 BO=10.00 L802-18< _'. Vri^lite, Vauquelin (J. d. M. XL 2! Vanquelin (1. c. | This mineral was discovered at Limoges by A.lluaud, from whom Vauquelin obtained it; he fuses the substance for analysis with caustic potassa, neutralizes the filtrate with nitric acid, and precipitates the phosphoric acid with lime water. Ee obtained 27 p. c. I >( >'. Berzelius, who analyzed it in L819 by the Sulphide of Ammonium .Mnli.nl, found 32.8 p. c. PO 6 , weighing it as Ca< » PO 5 . M. < i :.. PO i:i l. R i Ca | 2 &fg 3 Fe. L803 1825. Dufrenite, Jordan (Min. Reisebemerk, 243). iquelin (Ann. Chem. Pharm. XXX. 202). Vauquelin analyzed twenty-five years previously a similar Bubstance. Be finds by loss 27.84 p. c. PO 6 , while in a direct • let crm 'mat 'h.ii with PbO, Ac. he obtained 35.8 p. c, owing, no doubt, to the formation of a compound of phosphate of lead with Borne other lead Bait. l,d 2, PO 3 BO. L805 1816. Wavellite^ Babbington (Davy's Mem. in Phil. Trans. 16! :hw. .1. Will. 288 XXIV. L21). mineral was discovered by Wnvd, and baa been a analyzed; among others by Berzelius, Davy, Klaproth, On Tribasie Phosphoric Acid. L65 who all overlooked phosphoric acid. This mineral seems to bethetirst one in the analysis of which the method with water glass wa> u-ed. A] 2 3 P0 5 + 4A1 2 3 , 3 HO. 1817-1820. Amblygomte, Breithaupt (Hotfm. Min. IV. 6, 159). Berzelius (Gilb. Ann. LXV. 321). {i (LiO, NaO) 3-1 Al 2 3 ) 4, PO 5 . 1819-1819. Autunite, Berzelius 'X. Syst. Min. 295). Berzelins (1. c.) It was known before as Frank • : Werner, who analyzed it. found if to contain 72.1."> I\ ( > 3 . Berzelius obtained L5.20 1'' >"'. I\ 3 2, P0 5 +CaO. IIO + T IB'. 1821-1821. Wagnerite, Fuchs (Schw. J. xxxiii. 269). Fuchs (1. c.) RfgO 3. PO 5 . 1^3-W>2. ChUcb-enite. Lew (Branded J. XVI. 274). Rammelsberg (Pogg. Ann. LXXXY. 435). ■i iR04, P0 5 ) + (A1 2 8 2, PO^+IS IK). 1^24-1^4. Xmotime, Berzelins (Ak. II. Stockh. ii. 331). Berzelins <1. c.) YO 3, BO 5 . 1825. Hopeite, Brewster (Trans. Ii. Soc. Edinb. X. L07). Brewster, no analysis. Is supposed to he an hydrous phosphate of zinc with a little Cadmium. 1 ^-±~<-\ ^25. CacoxenUe^ J. Steinmann (Leonh. Oryctog 750). J. Steinmann (1. c.) Fe. <> i', P0 5 +12 IK). 1821 L825. Hurea/uUte^ Allnaud (Vauq. Ann. Ch. Phy. XXX. 302 . Vauqnelin (1. c. | (MnO. Fe O, HO) 3, PO'+2 HO. 1826-1857. Beudunlite, Levy (Ann. PhiL II. ii. 1'.' 166 On Tribute Phosphoric Arid. Sandberger I Pogg. 0. ,; l l i. PbO, 80 h(Pb08,| ): ( \* ■ SFe, 0,3 | ^!) - 24 110. L828. Herderitc, Haidinger (Phil. Mag. I\'. 1). Turner and Plattner qualitative. 1829- 1839. Mbnasite, Breithaupt (Schw. J. 55 301). K< reten (Pogg. XXYH385). CeO, LaO, DiO, J Tl,<> i 3, PO*. 1830-1844. Peganite, Breithaupt (Schw. J. LX. 308). Bermann (Erdm. XXXIII. 287). AJ, 0, 2, P0 5 +6 IK). L834-1834. Triphylite, Fuchs (Erdni. HI. 98). Fuchs (1. c.) (Fe 0; MnO; LiO) 3, PO 6 . 1-:;;. Diadochite, Breithaupt (Erdm. X. 503). Plattner (Rambg. 1 Suppl. 45). 1 ■■ 3, PO 2 • 2 (Fe, 0„ so 2) |-32 110. 1844 L844. Fhcherite, Hermann (Erdm. 33-285). I [< rmann 1 1, c.) Al o •_'. PO' • - HO. L845 L851. Struvite, dies (Oefv\ Ak. Btockh. iii. 32). ('lex (Jahrbuch Min. L851 51). MI, 0, MgO 2, PO H2 HO. L846 L846. Kryptolite, Woehler (Gel. Lnz. Gbtt L9). Woehler d. c.) CeO 3, PO*. L849 L849. Coniohaloite, Breithaupt and Fritzsche Pogg. I. XXII. L39). Fritzsche (1. c.) (OuO, Oat >)3, \ ". PO • ■ OuO HO | J 110. 1849 1849. Stercorite, Herapath (Q. J. Ph. Boc). Herapath (1. c.) Xi.o. N II n PO'+9 HO. L854 L854. Borickite, v. Hauer (Jahrl. G. EleichB. 8 v. Hauer (1. c.) I ., o. Ca0)8, PO •-' • L6 HO. On Tribasic Phosphoric Add. 167 1S54-1854. Svanhergite, Igelstrom (Oefv. Ak. Stockh. 156). Igelstrom (1. c.) (* Ca03 + 4 A1 a O s ) 2, P0 5 + 2 (Al s 3 Si0 3 ) + 6 HO. 1864-1864. Evansite, D. Forbes (Phil. Mag. IV. 28-341). D. Forbes (1. c.) Al 2 3 2,P0 5 + A1 2 3 3 110 + 15 HO. 1864-1804. Brushite, G. E. Moore (Proc. Ac. Cal. iii. 176). Moore (1. c.) (f Ca04-4 HO) 3, P0 5 + 4IIO. 1865-1865. MetalrusMte, A. Julien (Am. J. Sc. IT. 40,371). A. Julien (1. c.) (| OaO + i HO) 8, P0 5 + 3 HO. 1865-1865. Churchite, A. H. Church (Ch. News XII. 121). Church (h c.) (f CeO+4, CaO) 3, P0 5 + 4 HO. 1865-1865. Tavistockite, A. H. Church (J. Ch. Soc. II. 3-263). Church (1. c.) (iCa03 + 4A1 2 3 )2, P0 5 + 3HO. 1S66-1866. Amphithalite, Igelstrora (Oefv. Ak. Stockh. 93). Igelstrom (1. c.) RO, R, 0„ P0 5 + HO.* 1867-1867. Sphaerite, v. Zepharovich (Per. Ak. Wien. 56-1867). Boricki (1. c.) Al a 0, 5, P0 6 2 + 16 IIO. 1867-1867. Barrandite, v. Zepharovich (1. c.) Boricki (1. c.) (^Fe, 0,4-4 A1 2 3 )PO' + 4 1IO. 1867-1867. Berlinite (C. W. Bloomstrand, Priv. Contr. Land). Bloomstrand. Al 2 3 ,P0 5 + 4HO. 1867-1867. Troth ,7, . (( '. W. PI.) *RO=CaO, MgO; IM '^MA , 168 Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. A\ PO U, 0„3 IK). 1867 L867. CirrolUe i (C. W. III.) Al. 0, 2, P0'+2 CaO ::. PO' • 3 BO. L867 L867. Attacolite, (C. W. Bl.) Phosphoric acid Beeraa to have been known as a peculiar I before the discovery of phosphorus. A.ngelus Sala, an Italian, who came to Germany and Bettled there, prepared it in L602 from hprns, which he treated with oil of vitriol, using the product as a remedy against the plague of the middle This fact, however, remained unnoticed for over one hundred and fifty years, which is all the more to be wondered is the tendency of the age was to discover new Bubstanci b, and t<> design new modes of preparation. Even after phospho- rus lia/> metals and half im /hos- phorus by burning it in atmospheric air, and also by treating it with nitric acid, and he described also many crystallized phosphates. In weighing the produced phosphoric acid he found it in the former case to be 8 to 8^ times heavier than the phosphorus employed for its production, and, inquiring into the cause of this phenomenon, he was very near becom- i oxygon. As it is. we assign to him the the discovery of phosphoric acid in the year 1740. On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. 109 I must mention here the names of several chemists, who about this time rendered important services to their science, without, however, coming to any definite and important results as to phosphoric acid. They were: H. Davy (horn 1778, died 1829). Oronstedt (born 1722, died 1765). Bergmann (born 1735, died 1784), who in 17*", in a paper " on the analysis of minerals in the wet way," made known certain laws of combination, which, together with Proust's publications on the same subject, must be considered the tore- runners of the great essay of Berzelius (born 177'.', died l x t8) which was published in 1810, " Essay to find th< fix< d and sim- ple proportions, according to which the constituents always a multiple in a whole number of the oxygen of the electro-positive complex. To arrive at this conclu- sion a great number of reliable and good analyses were required, and. in ordm- to make them, difficulties were encountered that only Kc appreciated when one considers the imperfect methods of separation and the few expedients then at hand. Berzelius undertook this task, and analvzed in the course of Ids researches many compounds of phosphoric acid, especially with oxyd of lead and baryta, in which phosphoric acid was deter- mined by loss. lie found the proportion of the oxygen in the acid to that in the base to he as 2:1, taking the constitution of phosphoric acid as it was taken at that time. Phosphorus had been the first combustible body the capacity of which for oxygen was determined by chemists, a thjng that, in this case appeared very easy, hut in fact offered considerable difficult^ . Lampadius fin his hand-book of chemical analysis of min- eral substances, 1 798) had found the praportions of phospho- rus to oxygen in phosphoric acid to he as 100: l*»4s. I will here give the figures, which since the discovery of phosphorus have been used at different times by different chemists to represent its atomic weight : So H=l=9 32 16 31.436 3.699 15.777 15.7 31.4 (8 fig.) So 0=1.100.1000=167.512 4 3.9308 39.30 1.50 19.65 196.155 46.155 196.143 19.62 196.153 392 196.0285 (13 fig.) They are in all 23, varying from 1.5 to 392.3, and offer- ing a variety, out of which almost any one might have selected a number that would suit his particular views and tastes. Up to this year, 1816, only twelve phosphatic minerals were known, two of which only were analyzed as to their amount of phosphoric acid. In the same year occurs the publication of Beraelius' great and masterly essay (Ann. Ch. Phy. vol. 2) " On the composition of phosphor! <■ and pjioxplurrous acids^ and tln'ir combination with salifioJ>l> /> parts of oxygen, saturated parts of oxygen in a base, that therefore the compo- sition of phosphoric acid was PO\ Aiter many experiments and a great «K:il of reflection, however, he came t<> the con- clusion that the proportion was a different one. About this time be was notified by Thomson (Aim. of Phil, id 306) that in contradiction to Dulong he had found L63.4 of to LOO of P in phosphoric acid, and that he had prepared six different phosphates of lime containing to 5 eq. of phosphoric acid, 1, 2, ;;. l. 5 and 6 eq. of lime. As, however, certain of his salts were prepared by evaporation ami ignition of weighed quantities <>t' phosphoric acid and lime salt, and others cannot l.c prepared according to his prescription, we will nol go further into tin- details lie gives. IK- mentions, however, the fact, that phosphate of lime ignited with chloride of calcium drives oil chlorine, which Berzelius found to be true. Berzelius divides his ,v int<» six parts, ami it being of a very important nature. I may be allowed to enter at some length into its results : 1 . ( )n the composition of phosphates, 2. ( »m the composition of phosphoric acid. ::. ( )n the composition of phosphorous acid. 4. On the composil ion of phosphites. .">. < >n the condition in which phosphorus is contained in metallic phosphides. 6. On the weight of a volume or molecule of phosphorus, and other kindred subjects. 1. For those investigations the precipitates were produced by phosphate of ammonia, which was prepared by supersatu- ng pure phosphoric acid with pure ammonia, ami evapo- rating until litmus paper was only very slightly reddened. Ii found here, that sali 1 - of lend and baryta enter readily into the composition of the precipitated phosphates, ami only after • deal of inquiry Berzelius devised mean- to avoid this. On Trihasic Phosphoric Acid. 173 Herntz, in working on the same subject (1847), found that under ordinary conditions, phosphate of lead will always take down a fixed part of the lead salt, and (in' case chlorides are present in the solution), chloride of lead. The lead salt thus taken down seems to he always h of the phosphate of lead. This tendency of the phosphate will also hold good with other oxyds than oxyd of lead. And in the formation of minerals of this order, as Apatite, Pyromorphite and others, conditions must have prevailed that were favorable to their formation and separation from the surrounding rock. It is also apparent that the composition of these minerals in connection with this tendency of the phos- phate proper, will throw light on the probable state in which their constituents existed in the moment of, and on the chemi- cal and physical forces that were active in, their formation. Berzelins then analyzed phosphates of baryta, lead, silver, soda and ammonia, which, independently of the water con- tained in them, represent to 100 of phosphoric acid, the fol- lowing amounts of oxygen in the base: 11.246 BaO = 22.518 16.327 PbO =33.75 22.440 16.480 AgO =33.75 NaO = 22.320 ]S"H 4 = 33.81 22.540 11.27 In all these experiments, which were made with the greatest care, as might be expected from Berzelins, phosphoric acid was determined by loss. He gave special attention to the compounds of phosphoric acid with lime, and prepared and analyzed a great number of them. 2. In comparing now the different conditions of saturation of phosphoric acid, the oxygen of the acid was 2, .'! and o' time- ae much as the oxygen of the base. Phosphoric acid would then- fore contain 67.5 p. c. of oxygen, or more than 200 of oxygen to 100 phosphorus, an amount which deviates so far from that actually found by experiment, that the law as to the saturation MAY, 1869. 12 Asx. Ltc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX. 174: On Triba&ic Phosphoric Acid. of acids by bases was either to be regarded as false, or the com- position of phosphoric acid was a difFerenl one. Berzelins therefore again determined the oxygen in phos- phoric acid, bnt in a way thai had never as yet been tried, namely, by the reduction of certain oxyds in solution with phosphorus. A.fter many and wonderfully invented experi- ments, he found an excellent substance for this purpose in chloride of gold, which gave him to LOO phosphorus L26.99, and 1 27 1 of oxygen, the silver salt having given him the number 128.17. These determinations and the above-mentioned analy- sis proved therefore the oxygen of the phosphoric acid to be 5, ■\, | paiis of the oxygen of the base, that therefore phosphoric acid had a composition similar to that of nitric acid, and that phosphoric acid probably contained !j of the oxygen in phos- phorous acid. In order to decide this point, he had to ascertain the amount of oxygen in phosphoric acid, but before doing this lie determined once more the oxygen in phosphoric acid by de- composing the highest chloride of phosphorus, and obtained as a result 127.74, which then sustained him in this opinion. :'.. A.8 the highesl chloride of phosphorus had given him 60 ■ 1 results, he U6ed for this determination the lower chloride, and obtained in two analyses 7. phosphorous acid will have a compo- sition analogous to sulphuric acid, and neul ral phosphites ought to contain .', of oxygen in the base, compared with thai of the acid. Berzeliue found, however, in analyzing the salts of lead and barvta, the oxygen in t he base equal to I of thai of the acid. A.8 the behavior of these two acids presents anomalies and prions to the ride, which may easily be explained in <>t' the phosphorus containing oxygen, an investigation was On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. 175 made to decide this point. In such a case the oxygen surely would be liberated by the phosphorus combining with metals, and in oxydizing a phosphide more phosphoric acid would he obtained from the same weight of combined phosphorus than from phosphorus in its free state. Among all morals iron is principally remarkable for the facility with which a constant compound of it with phosphorus may lie obtained. After ob- taining such a compound, and analyzing it in a very ingenious way, Berzelins obtained as a result 122.8 for oxygen, which is so near the one found with free phosphorus, as to decide this point completely; namely, that phosphorus does not contain oxygen, and secondly, that PO 5 presents an exception to the rule. After saying this Berzelins tries to show that phosphorus may still be a compound body, as is very probably the case with nitrogen ; to decide these difficult points, however, the utmost care and criti- cism have to be used, and one must not be prejudiced in favor of the one idea or the other. Chemists, who are not much ac- customed to accurate working, have commenced enriching our knowledge concerning proportions by analyses undertaken to prove speculative views, and have correspondingly corrected their results. This is an easy but a dangerous course. P>. Berzelins determined the equivalent of phosphorus to be 31.21. In the year 1810, Berzelins published an answer to a com- munication of Davy's, in which the latter tried toshowthat the oxygen of the three acids of phosphorus is as 1:2:4; stating that his analyses are not accurate enough, and that by a great number of analyses of this kind he has found that the hot an- alytical methods are those by which the una voidable errors are not more than thousandths. He never passed that limit, unless accidentally. An analysis which varies less than ,,',,, is still good ; if, however, in Bpite of the usual care, the results vary more than n 1 f(T , we can regard it only as an approxima- tion. These views are even now fundamental with regard to the estimation of an analysis. Aftertheyear L819 we find the 17"'' On Frtbeuic Phosphoric Acid, composition of phosphoric and phosphorous acids, of phos- phates and phosphites, established, as we consider them at the present day. As the history of phosphoric arid subse- quent to L819 is -imply that of analytical methods of separat- ing and determining it. 1 will now present some figures which will answer a> a criticism of the different methods oi separating it from bases. The investigation of the methods forseparating tribasic phos- phoric acid tVoin ses wash out a gramme of hydrated Besquioxide of iron, one gallon at I of hot water is required. When the latter is washed out, it assumes a more sand j appearance, it runs very easily through the filter, and when suspended in water will settle only after On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. 177 the expiration of weeks. It is a hydrate still, and probably contains two equivalents of water, and by heating it with an alkaline salt it can easily be brought back to the flocculent, gelatinous condition of the terhydrate. I will say more of this peculiarity of the sesquioxide of iron hereafter. One of the two determinations of iron just mentioned was then taken as representing the normal amount, and all the rest were compared with it. Six other experiments were made in the same way, differing only in this point, that before precipitating with ammonia, to 3 and 4 was added one gramme of chloride of sodium, to 5 and 6 one gramme of chloride of potassium, and to 7 and 8 one gramme of .sulphate of potassa. Again 50 cubic centimetres (No. 9) were oxydized with hydrochloric acid and chlorate of potassa — the solution precipitated by ammonia, the precipitate washed out and weighed. In four experiments, 50 c. c. were reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid, and after adding to 12 and 13 a large amount of phosphate of soda, treated with a standard solution of permanganate of potassa. In the two last experiments, 50 c. c. were reduced by means of zinc and hy- drochloric acid, and after adding a considerable amount of phosphate of soda, treated with the same solution of perman- ganate of potassa. As I have said heretofore, I will omit particulars and the results, as follows : trive No 1. 0.8938 gr. Fe 9 O a = 100 p. C. a 2. 0.8940 u u = 100.II L ' p. c. JSTa 01. ' u 3. 0.8901 a u =100.26 p. c. a 4. 0.9006 u a = 100.71; p. c. KC1. \ u 5. 0.9ooi; u a = lot 1.7.; p. c. K 6. O.9020 u a =100.92 p. c. KO' SO 3 h 7. 8. 0.8951 O.S954 a a u (C =100J 1 p. =100.18 p. c. c. ECl+KOjCK I 5 u 9. 0.8935 « u = 99:97 p. c. a lo. 0.8932 a u = 99.93 p. c. S0 3 + Zn. u 11. 12. 0.8932 0.8932 a a u u = 99.93 p. = 99.93 p. c. c u i:;. 0.8932 a u = 99.93 p. c. ECl+Zn. 1 " 14. L5. 0.9060 0.9060 a (< u (( =101.36 p. =101.36 p. c. c. 17 H Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. It will be Been bj these figures thai in the ordinary course of analysis, very satisfactory results may be obtained byreduc- • ing the iron solution with zinc and Bulphuric acid. Hydro- chloric acid, however, which is ordinarily used in the reduction of iron in iron ores, will lead to errors, on account of its decom- posing some <>t* the permanganate of potassa, and rids will take place even in yery dilute sol uti< >ns, when the odor of chlorine is not perceptible. In precipitating by ammonia, and weighing the precipitate of sesquioxide of iron, traces al leasl of alkalies are always retained, and these it does not seem possible to separate from the hydrated sesquioxide by washing. The same is the case in regard to phosphoric acid, the absolute separation of winch is connected with the greatest difficulties — so much bo, that I feel justified in saying that, so far, no iron has ever been prepared by metallurgical process, or by the most minute and careful work oftheac< iplished chemist, which was perfectly free from phosphorus. The Bame has been proved with re- gard to sulphur, and is also yery probably true with regard to carbon. We do not know as yel the properties of absolutely pure iron, This tenacity of the sesquioxide of iron to retain alkaline sal ts, especially Baits of potassa and ammonia, in connection with the -a i ne <;■ of affinity thai it has for phosphoric acid, seems to me a matter of greal moment in the process of nourishment of plants. The hydrated sesquioxide of iron, which, to a greater ..)• less extent, is never wanting in any soil, is, like the humup, a holder of those mineral constituents on the presence of which in the soil is dependent the existence of vegetable life. I may Bay thai when you consider the powers of the see quioxide of iron (as well as alumina) of condensing in its port . such as carbonic acid and ammonia, which gases are the daily fond of plants, it is perhaps possible to demon- strate that the fertility of a s<.il depends upon the presence of a certain amount of sesquioxide of iron. Il is certain tli at the latter Bubstance, changing continually a> ii doc-, converts On Trihasic Phosphoric Acid. 17'.' by its own oxydatiOn and reduction, the complicated car- boniferous compounds with which nature and human fore- sight supply the soil, into more simple forms that alone are adapted to the maintenance of vegetable life; and after having converted them into those compounds, retains them and dis- poses of them to the plants under the influence of the Btronger living power of assimilation by means perhaps of the water of hydration, which is always, even after the long-continued heat of a hot summer, to be found in sesqnio.xide of iron, and which, if I may say so, serves as a channel of transportation of the inflexible, motionless, dead mineral into the living plant and animal. This tendency of the sesquioxide of iron to retain alkalies seemed to me as bearing a part in the formation of compounds like TtO, Fe 2 3 . I therefore tried to produce a compound in which the protoxide would be an alkali. To this end, I heated a certain quantity of iron alum with carbonate of potassa for over six hours in a porcelain crucible, which was inserted into an ordinary Hessian crucible, at the strongest white heat I could produce. After washing with water, I separated, as far as I could, the black, heavy crystalline part from the red deposit which after awhile was forming, (living my experi- ence, I must say that the black undecomposed substance was KO, Fe 2 3 , which, by boiling with water, was decomposed, the potassa becoming eliminated, and the iron converted into a sandy red hydrate. The black powder, as I obtained it, was after drying at 100° C. a little magnetic, dissolved to a beauti- ful red color in hydrochloric acid, was free from Bulphuric and carbonic acids, and was composed of To. si 1 Fe 2 3 14-.00 K<> 15.20 IK) Part of it was here already decomposed, which may per- haps be illustrated in the following way: 1 v " On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. Fe, 0„ KG has the composition 62.99 Fe, O, 37.01 K< ): Fe, < » ; . K< » Fe I • . 3 EO has the composition 68.3 - Fe, 3 20.17 Ko 11.45 IK); while Fe, < I „ £0+2 (Fe, 0„ 3 HO) has the composition 70.39 Fe, Q, 13.78 KO L5.83 IK). approaching very nearly the composition of the substance I analyzed. Alter these deviations, I return to my Biibject proper, the following experiments a preparation was used which was produced by pouring a solution of sesquichloride of iron into a solution of phosphate of Boda. After washing oul com- pletely, the precipitate was dried in the air, pulverized, and then pul through a fine sieve to secure more perfect mix- ture. In testing it as to its purity, it proved to be free from Bulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and no traces of alkaline earths could be detected by the spectroscope. The Latter ap- paratus, however, showed a trace of soda. I. Dt /< rmination <>j Water. For tho determination of water in (a), the powder was dried at ion ( '. and weighed atdifferenl times, afterwards heated to red heat, and weighed again. The mass looked white alter i<>-- nition. In (b) and (c) the Bubstance was imply heated to red- beat and weighed. It looked blue. The results are as follows: (a) - 29.99 p. c. Ignited, (b)- 29.99 p. c. (c) 29.98 p. c. " mean— 29.97 p. c " On Trihasic Phosphoric Acid. 181 In heating (a), at 100° C. For 2 hours=15.18 p. c. " 3 " =15.31 p. c. « 16 " =20.85 p. c. Part of the water, therefore, seems to be retained by a stronger affinity than the rest. II. Determination of the iron loith permanganate of potassa. The reduction of the iron was effected in a wide-mouthed 8 oz. bottle, which was covered with a glass plate. The hydro- gen acted on the sesquioxide from a piece of platinum, that was in the acidulated fluid, touching a piece of amalgamated zinc. The reduction was finished in about twelve hours, with- out the slightest trouble or inconvenience. Hydrochloric acid, in these experiments, giving me always differing results, I dissolved the aforesaid powder in sulphuric acid and then titered. Those differences, by the way, were the cause of my trying the various methods of determining iron by "weight and measure. The permanganate solution indicated in the cubic centimetre 0.0065 srr. metallic iron. CD The results are as follows : (a) 0.3886 gr. = 13.90 c. c. = 33.21 p. c. Fe,O s (b) 0.3168 " =11.40 c. c. = 33.41 p. c. " (c) 1.0852 " =38.80 c. c.=33.20 p. c. " mean = 33.27 p. c. The salt was therefore composed of 36.76 P0 6 (by loss). 33.27 Fe a O, 29.97 HO. Corresponding to the formula: Fe, 0,4, PO, 5+ IK) 32, or perhaps, as a part of the water is driven off more easily than the rest, of 5 (Fe 2 3 2, PO. 3 + 8 HO) +2 (Fe, 0„ 3 BO) 4 50 HO. L82 On Tribasic PhospJwric Aii.. The Bubstance wae dissolved in nitric acid, diluted with water, ami heated with a sufficient amount "f molybdic acid solution (Vide Fresenius, Qualitative Analysis). After cool- ing, the yellow precipitate was Altered off, washed from the filter and dissolved in a lonia. This solution was again pre- cipitated bv dilute nitric acid, with the addition of a Little molybdic acid Bolution, and after washing out completely the nd precipitate, and dissolving it in ammonia, the solution ed when necessary, evaporated, and then precipitated with magnesia mixture. This precipitate of amnion io phoa On Tribasic Phosphoric Add. 183 phate of magnesia was carefully washed, and, without dissolv- ing a second, time, dried and weighed. The ignited, mass in (b) was snow white, in (a) and (c) slightly tinged with vellow. ' The fluid which was filtered off from the yellow precipitate containing the phosphoric acid, was heated a second time with more molybdic acid solution without coloring it in the least. Ammonia was then added in excess and the precipitates washed — (a) not quite as long as (b), and (1>) not quite as long as (c). After drving and weighing, the residue was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the Fe 2 3 separated from the molybdic acid, by a twofold treatment with poly-sulphide of ammo- nium. After washing the sulphide of iron, dissolving it in HC1, oxidizing with X0 5 , filtering from separated sulphur, and precipitating with NH S , this precipitate was, after careful washing, dried and weighed. The results are as follows : (a) 0.438 gr. (b) 0.2750 gr. (c) 0.3195 gr. PO- 5 36.74 36.73 36.71 Fe,0 3 33.58 (10.44MO,) 33.40 (9.51 MO s ) 33.40 (8.35M0 3 ) H() 29.68 29.87 ^M mean PCX =36.74 Fe 2 3 = 33.46 HO =29.80 II. Method with Si0. 2 (Berzelius 1 by fusing I prepared for this method a mixture which I also think useful in the analysis of iron ores, and which consisted of lgr.-KO, NO, 5 gr. — Si0 2 20 gr.— KG, CO, lOgr.—XaO, 00 15 to 25 parts of this mixture are sufficient for :'. gr. of iron ore. The substance was fused with five parte of this mixture, and l v t On Trtbasic Phosphoric Arid. after cooling dissolved in water. The residue, after washing out. was dark-green and crystalline like hornblende. |- was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and after separating silicic acid by evaporating to dryness three times, precipitated by ammonia. The fluid containing the phosphoric acid was also separated from silicic acid and then boiled for Beveral hours with concentrated sulphuric acid, in order to convert pyro-phosphoric acid into the tribasic modification. After dilution to 150 c. c. phosphoric acid was precipitated by mag- nesia mixture. This method is very (dean, accurate, and. under some conditions, preferable to the \I< > method. The results are as follows : (:,,—!. 3567 (b)— 1.5683 (c)— 1.577 PO, 36.63 36.71 36.59 Fe,0 3 33.41 33.51 33.48 IK) 29.96 k J'.«. 7 s 29.93 mean 36.64— PO, 33.47— Fe.O 29.89— HO. III. Method with SiO, (Fuchs' by boiling with water-glass). A- this method was and still is often used in the analysis of alumina compounds, 1 tried t<> introduce il here and compare its results. It is an exceedingly troublesome and disagreeable method, especially when taking much silicic acid. The results are good. I am, however, aide to reporl only two analyses, the only ones thai oul of nine I could Bafely bring to an end. The substance was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, precipitated with caustic potassa, and then boiled for a considerable time with a Bolution of water glass, which in this case was prepared from pure silica and pure potassa, the Bilica having been pre- pared from soluble glass. The greatest care has to be taken not to add too much of the silicic acid Bolution, as with an i of it. the mechanical difficulties of the analysis will On Trihasic Phosphoric Acid. 1 85 become very great. After long-continued boiling, the fluid must be allowed to settle and become cold. It is then separated from the residue by filtration and washing. After dissolving the residue in hydrochloric acid, it, as well as the solution, is freed from silica in the ordinary way. When silica is contained in the fluid in large quantities, it may be preferable to separate it by a current of IIS in an ammoniacal solution. The process of evaporation, in cases like these, has always to be repeated at least twice, in order to get rid of all traces of silica ; the iron precipitate yielded on a second evaporation 1.9 p. c. SiO„ on a third evaporation, 1.6 p. c. Si0 2 , and would.no doubt, have yielded some Si0 2 a fourth time. The solution containing phosphoric acid was then evaporated and precipitated with magnesia mixture. The loss of phosphoric acid here was owing to the formation of the fS-modificatioD, which was disregarded, and therefore lost. The results are as follows : (a) 1.2399 (b) 1.4159 P0 5 32.19 32.32 Fe 2 3 33.70 33.97 HO 33.81 33.71 The 1 p. c. which is in excess of the amount of water actually contained in the substance, belongs to PO,, ami would have been precipitated here under precautions. Taking tin.-, case into account, we have the mean P0 5 =36.40 Fe 2 0,=33.83 IK) =29.77 IV. Method with MI, S x . The Bubstance was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, then am- monia and poly-sulphide of ammonium a«l. N< • . filtered from the sepa- rated S, precipitated by XII. ami carefully washed out. It was weighed after drying and igniting. The filtrate contain- ing the phosphoric acid was evaporated to a suitable volume, slightly acidulated, filtered from separated sulphur, and pre- cipitated by magnesia mixture, in the usual way. This method will yield better results than the ordinary method of fusing with carbonate and nitrate of soda. Yel all phosphoric acid cannot even here he separated from the iron, and while in the method by fusion ahout 1..". p. c. (respectively 1 p. c.) of phosphoric acid will remain with the iron, not to mention that part of the phosphoric acid, which, in the latter case, is dis- solved a- ammonio-phosphate of magnesia in the alkaline sahs, hei-e 0.7 ]». c. will he found to !,(• missing. This deficiency of phosphoric acid we onghl to find in an increase of the weight of the iron, bill instead of this, we have still less, owing, in in\ opinion, to the Bulphide of iron being soluble in poly- Biilphide of ammonium, under the influence perhaps of the remaining phosphoric acid. [I is a well-known fact, that Bulphide of iron will dissolve in poly-sulphide of potassium ami sodium to a larger extent in hot than in cold solutions. Am! now we cannot hut consider this to he also the case with Bulphide of ammonium. Ii i^ lost to the analysis probably in this way. In evaporating the alkaline Bolution of sulphide of ammo- nium containing the phosphoric acid, it separates in Buch a fonn. and i- covered with the separated sulphur in such a way to he not easily attacked by dilute hydrochloric ;icid. A.8 a method it is nice and clean, the results being as follow.- : j On Trihasic Phosphoric Acid. 1ST (a)— 1.1468 (b)— 1.7613 (c)— 0.8639 P0 6 36.00 35.91 35.92 Fe 9 O s 33.00 33.09 33.04 HO 31.00 31.00 31.04 mean PO, 35.95 Fe 2 3 33.04 HO 31.01 V. Method hij Mercwy. (To be used when it is desirable to separate alkalies from alkaline earths.) This method is exceedingly valuable in eases where alkalies and alkaline earths have to be separated from iron in phosphatic minerals. It might have been, there- fore, superfluous to include it here, as this case will probably never occur in iron ores; for the sake of com- pleteness, however, I undertook to experiment with it in re- gard to its facility and value as a method. The compound has to be dissolved to this end, in a very little 1IO, NO,, as a large amount renders it difficult to drive off the excess of nitric acid, to wash out the alkalies and alkaline earths, and to prevent the mass from coining over, in the subsequent fusion. A large amount of nitric acid, besides all this, will cause a tur- bulent reaction, which may easily give rise to losses by -pat- tering. I will state, in this connection, that I did nol succeed in any case in driving off all the nitric acid from the sesquioxide of iron, as I found each time a little of it in solution, and in two cases, also, traces of phosphoric acid. After heating the mass with mercury on a water bath, (a wide dish being tin; more suitable,) until no smell of nitric arid can be detected, tin' insoluble part was completely separated by washing, the filtrate (which will contain the alkali.-. &c.) gave a slight precipitate with ammonia and sulphide of ammonium. Alter freeing it from the mercury, this wa9 filtered .,(]', dissolved in IICl,oxydized with NO,, and precipitated with Ml . 188 On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. In tin- filtrate from the Bolphide of iron, after proper treat- ment, ii" indication of phosphoric acid was produced by mo- Ivbdic acid Bolution. The residue was carefully dried, mixed with carbonate of soda and potassa, and then fused. The washing out of this latter residue of sesqnioxide of iron ]ia«l i" be repeated several times, as it ran very easily through the filter. The residue and filter were then ignited, dissolved in BCl, filtered and precipitated by Nil . I find that in cases where it is difficult to separate the residue completely from the filter paper it is better to ignite the paper than to treat it directly with acid. The residue of sesqnioxide of iron obtained by fusion, as every one knows who has ever made an analysis of iron ores, will not very easily dissolve in acid; by digesting the filter with warm hydrochloric acid, some organic substances will be introduced into the solution which will pre- vent the complete precipitation of iron by ammonia. Sulphide of ammonium will nol effeel a more complete separation. The method itself is very difticull and troublesome, and requires much care ami circumspection. The results are a- follow- : L.1825 (b)— 1.291] (c)— 1.5425 (d)— -1.0429 PO, 35.98 35.85 35.88 I V () ::i.:.:; :; - : -''.' ' 84.87 (32.67) 34..M (32.50) I In 29.49 29.78 29.61 mean PO 35.90 Fe.O 34.47 llo 29.63 VI. Fusing Method. Tin- substance was heated with three parts of a mixture of 6 NaO, <<» 1— K<>. No for not longer than fifteen minutes over the fiameof a single Bunsen burner. Tb utinated ma-.- was triturated with On Tr'tbaxle Phosphoric Acid. I s '.' water and washed out. The residue was dried, and together with the filter- ash fused again with three parts of the above- named mixture for one halt-hour over the blast lamp. The filtrate from the second fusion contained no phosphoric acid, showing that the separation, or rather decomposition, as far as it goes, will take place at a comparatively low temperature, and in a short time. In this case and in the other analyses of iron ores, of which I made a great number, it was almost im- possible to wash out the sesquioxide of iron so that it should not run through the filter. The cause of this is the above-men- tioned sandy hydrate (probably very pure). In evaporating the filtrate however, the concentration of the solution will predispose either the alkali or the water to combine with the sescpaioxide again, whereby it is rendered voluminous, and may be washed out without trouble. I have already mentioned that it is very difficult to separate the iron from the filter; the latter has to be treated therefore with IIC1, and sometimes even with a little KO, CIO.. Filtering off the solution and boiling it for hours with renewed addition of KO, C10 5 , will not completely destroy the organic matter, which will hold iron in solution, as may be seen from the results of the analyses. The sesquioxide of iron, precipitated from solutions containing organic matter, looks black after ignition, and becomes heavier and of a lighter color after long-continued heating in the air. The filtrate con rain- ing P0 5 was evaporated and acidulated; ammonia was added, and by these means it remained clear and was precipitated in the usual way. The water in these cases was determined di recti v. The results are as follows : (a)— 1.7692 35, ~ (b)- .03 + .31 -1.3066 35.81 35.24= 29 L9 (c)— 1.5358 P0 5 35.41 Fe 2 0, 35.34= HO 20.24 35.19 35.20+ .,- m _34.90+ " inn •'•'•' 0.20 29.93 99.99 IAY, 1869. 100.24 13 L00.22 Ann. LYC. Nat. HOT., VOIk IX. 190 On Tribune Phosphoric A meanPO, 3.V17 Fe s O, 35.23 IMJ 29.45 100.15 We see that it is Impossible by this method to separate .ill the phosphoric acid from the iron, as I will hereafter show by direct analysis. VTI. Fusing Method. (In connection with J\10„.) The following analyses were made with a view of ascertain- ing the influence which alkaline salts exert on the ammonio- phosphate of magnesia. To this end, the analyses were conducted in exactly the same way as heretofore described, with the difference only thai the PO B after having acidu- lated the filtrate with nitric acid, was first precipitated by molybdic acid solution. The residue of iron was dissolved in IK'l. and precipitated by Nil and Nil s. After washing out, the sulphide of iron was again dissolved, oxydized, and pre- cipitated by ammonia. The results go 1" bIiow that the alkaline salts dissolve more of the am m on io-phosphate of mag- nesia than ammoniacal water alone, and that sulphide of iron is Boluble, to Borne extent, in poly-6ulphide of ammonium. The results are as follows : (a)— 0.2951 (b)— 0.271 (c)— 0.4302 PO 35.63 l:» 35.8J I'e <) 34.29 34.35 34.22 No 30.08 30.16 29.97 mean 1 '< > 35.64 Fe.0,34.29 Mo 30.07. It i- needless for me t<> state, thai all the analyses jusl cited made with the greatest care. The results "I' each method agree bo well, that we have to look for the differences to errors On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. 19] in the methods. And as I gave my views concerning those errors, in describing the way according to which I have con- ducted the analyses, I have now only to fjive some figures that av i 1 1 further illustrate the incorrectness of the figures that re- present the phosphoric acid, determined by the fusing method, as generally conducted. 1.7715 gr. of substance was heated for one half-hour with 11 gr. 'of carbonate and nitrate of soda, over a Bunsen bnrner, and afterwards fused for one half-hour over a blast-lain]). After complete washing out, the residue was dissolved in hydrochlo- ric acid, reduced by bisulphite of soda, and the fluid boiled till all sulphurous acid was driven off. Acetate of soda, and then chlorine water, were added. The small red precipitate was filtered out without washing, dissolved in IIC1, and pre- cipitated with ]\ T II 3 . This latter precipitate was washed seve- ral times with hot water, then dissolved in nitric acid, and heated with molybdic acid solution. It gave 1.029 p. c. PO„ as was to be expected from comparison of the analyses. In the same way were conducted many analyses of different ses- quioxides of iron, which were obtained from iron ores by the ordinary fusing method (as basic acetates), and which inva- riably were found to contain phosphoric acid. I will cite only two more instances, concerning the determina- tion of phosphoric acid in sescpiioxide of iron — which sesqui- oxide was procured from Dr. Endemann. Dr. Endemann found in one case 0.01 p. c. I'< >, in the ore, while 0.81 p. c. was left in the sesquioxyd, as determined by myself. In the other he found a trace only of P0 6 , while 0.13 p. c. was left. After deciding this point, I proposed to prove that, by the silica method, all the phosphoric acid can be separated from the iron. A quantity of the material was fused to this end, with the silicic acid mixture. The residue was, after washing out, prepared for the treatment 192 On Trtbasic Phosphoric Acid. of molybdic acid Bolntion, which, after heating, produced only a Blight yellow coloration, without any precipitate whatever. This, therefore, is, besides the molybdic acid method, the only one by which phosphoric acid can be separated from iron in such a way thai no appreciable amount will remain with the latter. For better comparison, I give the' averages of all the analyses again. Normal composition, PO, 36.86 IV 0, 33.23 110 29.91 (1) PO, 36.7<> Determination of iron Fe, 0, 33.27 (by permanganate) IK) 29.97 and water. PO, 36.74 M0 3 Method. Fe, <> ; , 33.46 IK) !>!»<> (3) PO 36.64 SiO a « (Berzelius.) Fe, O, 33,17 ]K) 29.89 i PO, 86.40 BiO " (Fuchs'J Fe, <> : 33.83 HO 29.77 (5) PO, 35.95 MI,s v . " Fe, 0, 33.04 IK) 81.0] PO 85.90 EJg. Fe 0, 84.47 IK) 29.68 0)1 Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. L93 (7) P0 6 35.64 Fusing Method (MO,) Fe a 3 34.29 HO 30.07 (8) P0 5 35.47 Fe a 3 35.23 HO 20.45 a u As this finishes ray actual work, as regards the separation of phosphoric acid from iron, I may be allowed to give my views as to the state in which this acid occurs in iron ores, and to call attention to some points which may finally lead us to suc- ceed in preventing it from entering to a larger extent into the composition of metallic iron. Phosphorus is always contained in iron ores as phosphoric acid. I believe this to be the case even in bog ores, the only ores in connection with which we might question this state- ment. The oxides, and principally the sesquioxides of iron, have a great affinity for phosphoric acid, and will retain it with a strong force. The snbstances, however, accompanying iron ores, as alkalies, alkaline earths, and alumina, have a still great- er affinity for phosphoric acid than even sesquioxide of iron, and will have taken up in the process of formation of iron ore beds, either by a dry or a wet process, moal of the phosphoric acid, so that the iron ore proper, it being consider- ed as a mixture of pure compound of iron with some gangue, or as the Germans term it, " Begleiter" will only contain a very small amount of it. This amount of phosphoric acid, which is necessarily contained in iron ores, is less in the mag- netic than in the hematite varieties, inasmuch :i> the Btroug combining powerof the sesqnioxide in the former ha- been isfied to some extent by the protoxide present, mid we are therefore able to obtain, under similar conditions, a better iron from those than we can from hematites. This slight amount 194 On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. of phosphoric acid in the iron ore proper will enter into the maas of metallic iron by the process of redaction and smelting, and, in combination with other constituents, give it its distinc- tive character. This small percentage o\' phosphorus in metal- lic in»n I hold to be necessary to make a good article and I do not doubt that the absence of it, as in the ease of iron made from Bome magnetic and titanic ores, will be sup- plied by Bome other Bubstance, say Biilphur or carbon. A difference in the relative proportions of carbon, sulphur, an«l phosphorus, will change the properties of the metal in Bnch a way as to render it more or less adapted to certain particular uses. As, however, very few exaet analyses of metallic iron exist we have first to ascertain those proportions of earbon, sulphur, and phosphorus, and their relations to the changes they effect in the properties of pure iron, before we are able to produce an iron of a certain character by the mixing of dif- ferent ores, the composition of which we know. We have also to make a distinction between the phosphoric acid in tin- ore proper, and the phosphoric acid in the gangue. This latter I believe to he comparatively easy to eliminate and bring completely into the slag. The proof of this, as also the results of an attempt to remove an excess of phosphoric acid, t ] ia , i, x gome peculiarity of composition or form may have entered into com hi nation with the ore proper, will he the subject ,,j another aeries of experiments. For ih<- investigation of Bome of these methods I'm- the separation of phosphoric acid from alumina, a precipitate similarly prepared and similarly treated was used, which, how- nol a- well washed out a- the iron precipitate had I ,,.,.,, ii bad tlm same composition as the iron com pound, with the exception of the water, of which it contained a little more. Ai. <> I. • PO 5, hHO 58 (Al, 0,=51.5). PO, 32.78 Al, O,=19.02 IK) =48.20 On Tribasic Phosphoric Add. L95 I. Method with MO,. The analyses, according to this method, were made in ex- actly the same way as previously described; the acid fluid, however, that was filtered off from the precipitate containing the phosphoric acid, was super-saturated with ammonia, and a current of sulphydric acid passed through it. The solution, of a dark-red color, was washed out from the residue; the latter dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and treated once more in the same way, before finally dissolving in IIC1, precipitating by NH 3 , washing, drying, and weighing. The results in this case, were as follows : (a) (A) 0.698 (B) 0.7354 (C) 0.6375 PCX 32.31 32.39 32.36 A1,0 3 19.19 19.17 L9.18 HO 48.50 48.44 t8.46 mean P0 5 32.35 Al a O s 19.18 110 48.47 II. Method with Si0. 2 (Berzelius' by fusing). I have to remark on this method and on the following one, that a small quantity of alumina will get into solution, depend- ing probably on the amount of silica used, for more or less of it will change the character of the otherwise insoluble residue. About 1 gr. of the substance was fused over a single Bunsen burner, with 10 gr. of the above mentioned mixture containing the silica. The "mass looked crystalline and separated easily from the platinum crucible ; after digestion with hoi water,the soluble part was washed out and separated from silica by twice evaporating to dryness. The filtrate was then supersaturated with carbonate of soda, evaporated to dryness, and heated for a few minutes to fusion. The fused mass dissolved clearly in water. After acidulating with 11C1 the solution was boiled, 196 On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid. and ammonia was added t<» alkaline reaction. A slight pre- cipitate was filtered off, washed out, dissolved in nitric acid, and precipitated by molybdic acid solution. The small. yellow precipitate was dissolved in ammonia after washing. This Bolution was added to the main one, containing the phosphoric acid. After evaporation to the required volume, PO was precipitated by magnesia mixture. The fluid til- tered from the yellow precipitate was treated in a proper manner, and the slight amount of alumina weighed. The insoluble residue that had been freed from PO, by washing was separated from SiO a in the usual way. and the Al, (>. pre- cipitated and weighed. Results are as follow- : (a) L.027 (1>) 1.032 (c) L.03 PO, 32.31 32.28 32.35 a , lM1M _l < -»-«»4+ -M...U+ IQO1-19-07+ A1 - '••'• 0.15 ' A 0.14 ■•'-•- ou ttO 4-.:." 48.54 48.44 mean PO 32.31 Al.n. L9.19 IK) 48.50 111. Method with SiO, (Fuchs' water-glass). The analyses were made in the manner heretofore described, hut the tli i id containing the phosphoric acid, after having 6epa- rated si i » .. and boiled with a little concentrated HO, SO,, w as mixed with PbO,NO„and then precipitated bj Nil and Mlo, I i < . The precipitate was filtered elf and washed out ; the ni- trate < tained no trace of P< >,. The precipitate was dissoh ed in a I in le ll< >. \'< ) . diluted with ll< >. and the had separated by 11^. After < pletely washing out, evaporating and filter* from separated sulphur, ammonia and (disregarding a very slight precipitate) magnesia mixture was added. 1 ■ • operation with lead was interpolated \<< gel rid <>i the Large amount of alkaline salt.-, that exert a dissolving influence On Trilasic Phosphoric Acid. 19 7 upon the ammonio-phosphate of magaesia. The results arc as follows : (a)— 1.03S (b)— 1.051 (c)— 1.0201 P0 6 32.71 32. 5G 32.7'.' Al s O, 18.98 19.03 L9.09 HO 48.31 48.4 2 48.12 mean P0 6 32.69 Al 2 3 19.03 HO 48.28 The averages of the analyses are as follows : 1. PO 5 =32.78 Normal composition. Al 3 O 3 =19.02 HO =48.20 2. PO 5 =32.35 Method with MO 3 A1 2 3 =19.1S HO =48.47 3. PO 5 =32.31 Method with SiO 2 (Berz.) Al 2 3 =19.19 HO =48.50 4. PO 5 =32.69 Method with SiO" (Fuel is.) Al 2 O 3 =19.03 HO =48.28 These analyses go to confirm what 1 have already expressed regarding the value of the methods. \ have nothing farther to add to this subject; and as the other sesquioxyds, that would have to be separated from iron and phosphoric acid, rarely oc- cur as such in iron ores, I make no mention of them, and will only add a few words on the determination of phosphoric acid. The main point in the case at issue is always to have the phos- phoric acid in the tribasic modification : its determination is then sufficiently easy, and is best effected in the form of am- monio-phosphate of magnesia. List of a Collection of Birds The precipitation by iron is nol reliable; nor by a salt of lead, dependent, as it is, on circumstances over which we have nor always control. I should, therefore, in all ordinary cases, recommend the use of magnesia mixture as a precipitant of tribasic phosphoric acid, and it is hardly necessary to say that the results will be good, if the mixture has been properly pn pared. VIII. — List of a Collection of Birds from Northern Yucatan. By Geo. N. Lawrence. I „! May LOth, 1SG9. Di ring the year l v <'>.~> Sefior Jose Salazar Ylarregui, then governor of the province of Fucatan, began the important enterprise of a complete Burvey of the country, in regard both i" its physical and natural history. As the Mexican Commissioner of the CTnited States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Governor Salazar was well known in the United States a- an accomplished astronomer and geographer, and his experi- ence in the former work was an earnesl of Buccess in his new undertaking, [nviting \>v. Arthur Schott, of Washington, to conned himself with the survey as naturalist, an arrangement was made by Governor Salazar with Professor Henry, Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, to Bend all the collections to hi- care for identification, and the ultimate preparation of a report The survey was fully organized, and commenced it- opera- lions with -rcat success, and continued until L866, when the change in the affairs of Mexico prevented all further proceed- ings, and the work was broken off without any prospect of apeedj resumption. Many valuable collections were however made during the progress of the work, and transmitted to \\ ashington : and having had those of the birds intrusted to me from JVbrthern Yucatan. 199 for examination by Professor Henry, I present herewith a list of the species. All the specimens are from Merida, unless otherwise noted. Fam. Tcrdidae. 1. Turd us grayi, Bonajp. 2. Mimus gracilis, Cab. ', Fam. Tkoglodttidae. 3. CaTwpylorh yn ch us guttatus, Lafr. Progress and Celestin. There are several specimens of this species, hut none were in the Smithsonian collection at the time Prof. Baird had this genus under examination to include in his " JRi vii wqf Ann ri- can Birds." In this he states (page losj that it "belongs to the same section as C. hrumieicajrillus, etc., with reddish-brown head, and hack striped longitudinally with white." It differs from C. brunneicajrillus in its smaller size, and long- er bill, the under mandible whitish ; the feathers of the head are brownish-black, with light rusty-brown margins, the head of Irvnneicapillus is of a uniform dark reddish-brown ; the up- per plumage of guttatus is less rufous, with the white shaft stripes broader and more conspicuous, the spots on the chin and throat are small and sparse, in the other species this part has a dense agglomeration of black spots ; the sides arc haired, not spotted, and the abdomen is without the rufous coloring of C. brunru ica/piUus. Length ~\ in. ; wing 3 ; tail 3 ; bill 1 ; tarsi 1. 4. Thryothorus dlhinucha {Cabot). 5. Troglodytes intermedins, Cab. Fam. Syi.viidae. 6. Poliojdila c<< /"f>". 1 1. am.). 200 List of a Collection of Birds Fain. SyLVTOOLEDAE. 7. Panda arm ricana < Linn.). B. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). 9. //, ///,////, rtu /•< rmivorus {Gm.). L0. Dendrmca pennsylvanica (JLinn.). 11. " ccerulea ( 117/*.). 12. " (Estiva {Gm.). 13. " vieilloti, Cassin. Sisal, Progress and Celestin. 14. Dendrceca dominica {Linn.). 1 5. $ /'"/■//* auricapiUvs I Linn.). 16. " novdoracensis {Gm.). 17. Geothlypis trichas {Linn.). 18. " poli<>,; i>/iala, Baird. 19. A-/, ria >'''/•/ n« i Linn.). 20. Myiodiocte8 mityatus I 6?m.), Fam. I IllMM'IMI'AK. 21. i,;i CO. i "!■ <( < Linn.). from Northern Yucatan. 201 28. Cardinalis virginianus (Linn.). 29. Volatinia jacarina (Linn.). 30. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.). 31. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). 32. " ciris (Linn.). 33. JEmbemagra rujivirgata, Laior. Fam. Coevidae. 34. Cyanocitta crassirostris, Bunap. 35. Cyanocorax luctuosus (Less.). Fam. Dendrocolaptidae. 36. Dendrornis eburneirostris (Less.). Fam. Foemicaridae. 37. Thamnophilus affinis, Cab. <& LTein. Fam. Tyrannidae. 38. Camptosoma imberbe, Scl. This agrees well with Mr. Sclater's description, except, in di- mensions, it measures, length -1} in.; wing 2£; tail \l ; lie gives, length 3.5 in. ; wing 2.8; tail 1.3. 39. Elainea placens, Scl. 40. Myiozetetes texensis (Giraud). 41. Rhynchocyclus cinereiceps, Scl. 42. Pltangus derbianus (Jump). 43. Megarhynchus mexicanus (Lafr.). 44. Muscivora mexica?ia, Sol. 45. Pyocephalus mexicanus, Scl. 46. Ernpndonax traillii (A ud.). 202 List of a Collection of Birds 17. Contopm schottii, sp. nov. Plumage above of a light olivaceous-brown with awash of dull rufous, rather darker on the head; tail liver-brown with reddish-brown shafts : wing coverts and quills dark liver-brown; the middle and larger coverts, the secondaries and ternaries margined with dull grayish-white ; under wing coverts ). The two 8] imens before me are quite distinct from my .'/. cinerascens {Ann. /.//<•., V. }'.. vol. '•., /'. 121), which is re- ferred by Prof. Baird (Paoif. /.'. /.'. Rep., vol. w;., p. 179) to .'/. icatius, Kaiip. 'Kaup's description {Proo. Zool. Soc, /.<>/<- don t l s .M.y. 51) is short and unsatisfactory. ELesays: "With Bhorl wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with rufoue margins; breast light ash-gray ; above lighter." K in p's character of short wings, applies to the Yucatan ape from. Northern Yucatan. 203 cies better than to M. cinerascens^ which lias rather longer wings than any of its allies. " I have examples of all the Bpecies enumerated by Kaup, and subjoin a table of measurements of the wings and tails, in the order given by him, adding those of my 31. cinerascens : Wing. Tail. M. coojieri 4 in. 3^ " crinitus 4 3|- " valid us (gossti, Bp.) 3|a4 3f " mexicanus 3-| '■'>■* " stolldus '■">{ '■'•[ " cinerascens ^ il ^i ^j\ It will thus be seen the wing measurements differ in the order given by Kaup. M. mexicanus having the wings shorter than any except 31. stolldus, whereas in 31. cinerascens the wings and tail exceed all of them in length. This, I think, clearly establishes the integrity of my species, and also the probability of the name of mexicanus being applicable to the Yucatan bird, which is further strengthened by locality. The two species differ materially in other respects; the ru- fous outer edgings to the quills in mexicanus are much darker ; the abdomen and under tail coverts duller in color, more of a tawny-yellow ; the rufous on the inner webs of the tail feathers occupies but half the width of the web on the innermost feather, becoming less on the outer one.-, and existing only od the mar- gin of the outermost ; in 31. cinerascens this color covers the whole inner webs of the tail feathers, except a! their end.-, the outer one only having a narrow dark line next theshafl ; in my species the under coloring is paler and more ashy on the neck and breast, the outer tail feather edged with white, and the wings more conspicuously margined with whitish. In the species under examination the head is of a darker brown, with a cast of rufous, and the bill broader than in cinerascens. 204 /,;,v/ of a Collection of finds 50. Myiarchua lawn ncii I Oi/ravd). 51. i,.'/ \optea caroUnensis {Linn.). 52. 'I'l/ran/tux satrajpa {Lickt.). Fain. CoTINGIDAE. 53. Tityra personaia {Jard. <(■ &#.). 54. Hadro8tomu8 aglaia {Lqfr.). Fain. MoMOTTDAE. 55. Mornotus 1, 88oni, f.y Dr. Oabol to he abundant in Yucatan. Mr. Gould was no doubl correcl in referring the bird sent him by I >r. ( labot as the female of this species, \>< I '. cinnamomea. from Northern Yucatan. 205 Fam. Cuculedae. 62. Grotqphaga suleirostris, Sw. 63. Piaya mehleri, Bonap. 64. Geococcyx inexicanus (Gin.). Fam. Picidae. 65. Dryocopus scapularis ( Vigors). 66. Picus scalaris, Wagl.; {parvus, Cabot) 67. Sphyropicus varius (Li?m.). 68. Centurus aXbifrons {Sio.)\ (t.) In the collection are eight specimens which have the nasal feathers and middle of abdomen bright scarlet, without an exception; and in all, the two central rectrices are of an im- maculate black. Prof. Sundeval {Cons. Av. Picinarum, 1866, p. 52) places C. santacruzi, Bp. under alhifrons as a variety ; Dr. Cabanis (J.f o. 1862,^;. 324) is of the same opinion ; the yellow of the belly being more or less tinged with red is thought due to age. Malherbe, however, considers thera dis- tinct. I have seven specimens labelled C. santaerusi, from Mexico and Guatemala; four Mexican examples from Jalapa are in fine plumage, and have the nasal feathers and spot on abdomen orange, some with a tinge of red; another, a female from Orizaba, has these parts more red, but not so bright as in the birds from Yucatan; of the two from Guatemala, one, :i male, has these parts the nearest in color to Yucatan Bpecimens, the other, a female, has them pale orange; this last has tin- central tail feathers without spots or bars, whereas in all the others called C. santaerusi, these feathers arc more or less barred with white on the inner webs. In addition to the birds from Yucatan showing no oral colors, they are whiter about the face and throat, and have the white transverse Btriae of the upper plumage perceptibly finer than the birds from Mexico. Here are some very decided points of difference apparently, JUNE, 1869. 14 Anw. Lyo, Nat. Hiht.. Vol. IX. 206 List of a Collection of Birds but I do nol decide that they are distinct: yet if the different colors are due to age, why should not some with orange colors be among Buch a number of specimens from Yucatan ? Another marked difference, is the uniformly black middle rec trices of the birds from Yucatan. ( '. radiolatus from Jamaica is very distinct, a fine adult male, has the front to the bill, the sides "t' the head and throat nearly pure white; the upper plumage blacker, with the narrowtrans- je white lines further apart than in ( '. aUnfrOM : the rump is black, conspicuously barred with broad white lines ; the cen- tral tail feathers are black, crossed with widely separated fine white lines on the inner webs : the under plumage is dark brownish-olive, middle of abdomen orange-red. 69. CentM/ruA rvbrvoerUris^Sw. A single male specimen agrees closely with Swainson's de- scription ; its validity, as a Bpecies, has been doubted by many writers, and generally referred to ('. tricolor^ though admitted to l»e distinct by Malherhe, and accurately figured and described in his splendid Mon. of the PicidoB. It seems to be very rare, as Malherbe states thai besides Swainson's ex- ample, he only know.- of the male in his own collection. With specimens before uie of ( '. tricolor from Bogota, St. Martha and Panama, the distinctness of the two species does nol admit of a Question. A- Btated by Malherhe, the bands on the upper plumage of tricolor are t wice the width of those of rubrn en- tris; in the 1 : i - 1 species the transverse white lines mi the back arc similar t'» those of C. albifronSf while in tricolor they are much as in ('. aurifrons y another marked difference is in the central tail feathers; those of tricolor are deeply and broadly indented with white on both webs, whereas in the ex ample <>f rubriventris, these feathers are black, except for a small space at the base on the outer web, where it is white, color extending higher up nexl the shaft. In size and . coloring the two Bpecies are much alike. from Northern Yucatan. 207 The acquisition of this specimen is of much interest, as it helps to set at rest any doubt of its claim as a distinct species, and determines its locality, heretofore unknown, though sup- posed to be some part of Mexico. Fam. Psittacidae. 70. Conurus astec, Souan. 71. Chrysotls albifrons, Sjparrm. Fam. Strigidae. 72. Glaucidium, infascatum (Temm.). 73. Buhovirginiamis (Gm.). A nestling. Fam. Falconidae. 74. Polyborus auduboni, Cass. 75. TJruhltinga zonura (Shaw). 76. Buteo borealis var. montanus, JVutt. A specimen in young plumage, apparently of this species; it is, however, more generally rufous than California examples, and the tail much lighter in color (pale fulvous white) with narrower bars. 77. Buteo erythronotus (King). 78. Asturina magnirostris (Gm.). 79. Tinnuncidus sparser las (Linn.). 80. Ilyjtof/'io/r/u'.s aurantius (Gm.). Fam. COLUMBIDAE. 81. Leptoptila a&ifrons, Bonwp.j (Jn , ackyptera i Gray.) 82. Chammpt lia passeri/na (Linn.). 83. " rufipervni&i Gray. 84. Ifelopelia leuooptera (Linn.). 85. Zenaidura yucatcmewis. #p. /'">•. -"" List of a Colled 'not of Birds Male. Fnmt, sides of t he Lead and throat of a brownish fawn-color; chin whitish; crown tinged with bine; neck, breast, abdomen and under tail coverts of a line brownish cinnamon, a Blight purplish tinge on the breast, the abdomen a little reader, and the under tail coverts rather lighter in color : sides and under coloring of the wings clear grayish-blue ; upper plumage brownish-olive, with an ochreous tinge, brighter on the smaller wing coverts and rump; the metallic color on the 6ides of the neck is reddish-violet; the auricular spot is deep prussian-blue ; the central tail feathers are the same color as the back, with an interrupted blackish bar about an inch from the end ; the other feathers are bluish cinereous at base, each with a black snbterminal bar; the three pairs next the cen- tral have their ends bluish cinerons; in the three outer pairs, the ends are white with a slight cinereous tinge; the primaries are blackish-brown, narrowly margined with white ; the secondaries ami larger wing coverts blackish cinereous of a bluish cast, the former have their outer webs more or less black next the mar- gins, and their ends conspicuously white ; the tertiaries and BCapulars are blotched with black; bill black; tarsi and toes yellowish flesh-color in the dried ^taie. Length (skin) 11] in.; wing, . "L"?acidae. _ Oambetta flavi^ <.). Pn _ • --. ■ Linn ■ loa {Linn.). 15. 9 . • ■ mipahnab G Fam. Asdeedae. z Pr _ 97. Demiegretta Vudovi i {Wilt ■• .< ,.ii,j: G Pr _ J/, A ./ h rodias < £«*i LOO. FT* i /.''"".). Fam. An \: :i 101. /'-//A/ o^nti / ' Profit Fam. Labi » acuflavida, I in. Earth contained in the Zircons of North Carol nut. 2 11 ■ IX. — On the Earth contained in the Zircons of North Carolina. By H. Endemann and 0. Loew. • Read March 29, 1S69. The Zircons that were analyzed bv O. Loew came from Hen- derson county, N. C. Zircons of the same and other American localities have been examined before by Chandler-, Gibbsf, and "Wetherill^:, showing, when compared with analyses of Knmpean chemists who worked on Zircons of other localities, very nearly the same composition. These authors found : Chandler. Gibbs. Wetherill ZrO 65.30 63.33 63.50 Fe,O a 0.67 0.79 2.02 Si0 2 33.70 35.26 34.07 . HO 0.41 Zy\, and the Valley of the Mi$$ixxij>2>i. By J. S. Newberry. * Read May 25th, 1S69. The area bounded on the north by the Eozoic highlands of Canada, on the east by the Adirondacks and Alleghanies, and on the west by the Rocky Mountains, though now, and appa- rently always, drained by two systems of watercourses, may be properly considered as one topographical district ; since much of the water-shed which separates its two river system- is of insignificant height, is composed <>f unconsolidated "Drift " materials, lias shifted its position hundreds of miles, as the water level in the great lakes has varied, and was for a long interval submerged beneath a Mater connection uniting both drainage systems in one. In this great hydrographic basin the Bnrface geology pre- sents a series of phenomena of which the detail-, carefully studied in but few localities, still offer an interesting and almost inexhaustible subject of investigation, but which, a- it Beeme to me, are already sufficiently well known to enable as to write at least the generalities of the history which they record. The most important facts which the study of the ki Drift 214 On tfu tfurfaa Geology of tfo Basin of the phenomena" <>t' this region have brought to light are briefly as follows : 1st In the northern half of this area, down to the paral- lels of 38 — J" . we find, not every where, but in moBt localities where the nature of the underlying rocks is such as to retain inscriptions made upon them, the upper surface of these rocks planed, furrowed or excavated in a peculiar and striking man- ner, evidently by the action of one great denuding agent. No one who has seen glaciers and noticed the effeel they produce on the rocks over which they move, upon examining good exposures of the markings to which I have referred, will fail to pronounce them the tracks of glaciers.* Though having a general north-south direction, locally the glacial furrows have very different bearings, conforming in a rude way to the present topography, and following the direc- tions of the great lines of drainage. On certain uplands, like those of the Wisconsin lead region, no glacial furrow.- have been observed (Whitney), hut on ni"-i of the highlands, and in all the lowlands and great val- leys, they are distinctly discernible if tin- underlying rock has retained them. 2d. Some of the valleys and channels which hear the mark- <>f glacial action— evidently formed or moditied bv ice, ami dating from the ice period or an earlier epoch — are exca- vated far below the present lakes ami water-courses which occupy them. These valleys form a connected system of drainage, at a lower level than the present river By stem, and lower than could he produced without a eolit ilieiital ele\atioii of several liun- imiii my own iii.-crv.it i n tin' sotion of glaciers I'll rook surfaoon in Upi nod in Oregon and Washington Territory, 1 assert that i '' have produced such effects, A different view is takon of thin Bubji ct, it i- inn-, I nit only by those who either have never Been a glacier or never Been tin- markings in qui il , The track of a glacier is as unmistaka- a of n man or a bear. Great Lakes, and the YdUey of the Mississippi. 215 dred feet. A few examples will suffice to show on what evi- dence this assertion is based. Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario are basins' excavated in undisturbed sedimentary rocks. ( M' these. Lake Michigan is 600 feet deep, with a surface level oi 57S feet above tides; Lake Huron is 500 feet deep, with a sur- face level of 574: feet; Lake Erie is 204 feet deep, with a sur- face level of 565 feet ; Lake Ontario is 450 feet deep, with a surface level of 234 feet above the sea. An old, excavated, now-filled channel connects Lake Erie and Lake Huron. At Detroit the rock surface is 130 feel be- low the city. In the oil region of Both well, &c, from .">n to 200 feet of clay overlie the rock. What the greatest depth of this channel is, is not known. An excavated trough runs south from Lake Michigan — filled with clay, sand, tree trunks, &c— penetrated at Bloomington, 111., to the depth of 230 feet. The rock bottoms of the troughs of the Mississippi and Mis- souri, near their junction or below, have never been reached, but they are many feet, perhaps some hundreds, beneath the present stream-beds. The borings for oil in the valleys of the Western rivers have enabled me not only to demonstrate the existence of deeply buried channels of excavation, but in many cases to map them out. Oil Creek flows from 75 to 100 feet above its old chan- nel, and that channel had sometimes vertical and even over- hanging cliffs. The Beaver, at the junction of the Mahoning and Shenango, runs 150 feet above the bottom of its old trough. The Ohio throughout its entire coarse runs in a valley which has been cut nowhere less than L50fee1 below the preeen! river. The Cuyahoga enters Lake Erie at Cleveland, more than loo feet above the rock bottom of its excavated trough. Tie' Chagrin, Vermilion, and other streams running into Lake Erie exhibit the same phenomena, and prove that the Burface 21f> On the Surfaa Geology of tin Basin of th< level of the lake ttlUSl have Once lieei) at least LOO feet lower than now. The bottom of the excavated channel in which Onon- daga Lake is situated, and the Salina salt-wells bored, is at Least 414 feet below the surface level of the lake and 50 feet below the sea level, (Geddes. Trans. New York State Agri- cultural Society, L859. | The "Id channel of the Oenesee River at Portage, described by Prof. Hall in the Geology of the 4th District of New York; the trongh of the Hudson, traceable on the sea bottom nearly l"i> miles from the present river mouth ; the deeply buried bed of the Lower Mississippi, are additional examples of the same kind ; while the depth to which the Golden Gate, the Straits of Carquinez, the channel of the lower Columbia, the Canal de Haro. II 1's Canal, Puget Sound, Arc, have been excavated, indicates a similar (perhaps simultaneous) elevation and erosion of the Western coast of America. The tails of the Ohio — formed by a rocky barrier across the Stream — though at first sight seeming to disprove the theory of a deep continuous channel in our Western rivers, really afford no argument against it, for here, a- in many other instances, the present river does not follow accurately the line of the old channel below, but runs along one or the Other side of # it. In the case of the Louisville tails the Ohio nTns across a rocky point which projects into the old valley from the north side, while the deep channel passes under tin- lowland on the south side, on part <>f which the city of Louisville is built. The importance of a knowledge of these old channels in the improvement of the navigation of our larger rivers is obvious, and it i- possible it would have led to the adoption of other means than a rock canal for passing the Louisville falls, had it been possessed by those concerned in this enterprise. I ventured to predict to Gen. Warren that an old tilled up channel wonld be found passing around the Mississippi rapid,-, and his examinatione have confirmed the prophecy. 1 will Great Zakes, and the Valley of the Mississippi. 217 venture still further, and predict the discovery of buried chan- nels of communication between Lake Superior and Lake Michi- gan — probably somewhere near and east of the Grand Sable — at least, between the Pictured Rocks and the St. Mary's River — between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario through Canada, — be- tween Lake Ontario * and the Hudson by the valley of the Mo- hawk, — between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, somewhere along the line I have before indicated. I also regard it prob- able that a channel may be found connecting the upper and lower portions of the Tennessee River, passing around the Mussel Shoals. This locality lies outside of the area where the Northern Drift deposits were laid down to fill and conceal ancient channels, but the excavation and the filling up of the channel of the Tennessee — like that of the Ohio — were deter- mined by the relative altitude of the waters of the Gulf. The channel of the Lower Tennessee must have been excavated when the southern portion of the Mississippi valley was higher above the Gulf level than now, and Prof. Hi 1 gar d has shown that at a subsequent period, probably during the Champlain epoch, the Gulf coast was depressed 500 feet below its present relative level. This depression must have made the Lower Mississippi an arm of the se'a, by which the flow of the Ohio and Tennessee was arrested, their channels filled, terraces formed, &c. If the Upper Tennessee has, as appears, a channel * When the water in the lake basin had subsided to near its present level old avenues of escape being all silted up by the Drift clays and Bands, the Burplui made its exit by the line of lowest levels wherever that chanced to run. A.- thai happened to lie over the rocky point that projected from the northern extremity of the AUeghanies into the lake basin, there the line of drainage was established in what is now known as Niagara river. Though among the most recent of the events recorded in our surface genii this choice of the Niagara outlet by the lake waters was made so long ago thai all the erosion of the gorge below the falls has been accomplished since. The cavation of the basin into which the Niagara flows— the basin of Lake Ontario, of which Queeustown Heights form part of the margin— belongs lo an epoch long anterior. 218 On tfo. Surfact Geology of tin Basin of the lower than the Mussel Shoals, it must be Bomewhere connected with the deep channel < »t' 1 1 10 lower river. It Bhonld be Baid, however, thai it by no means fellows that where an old earth-filled channel passes around the rocky bar- rier by which the navigation of our rivers is impeded, it will be mosl convenient and economical to follow it in making a canal to pass the obstacle, as the course of the old channel may be so long and circuitous that a short rock cutting is aper and better. The question is, however, of sufficient importance to deserve investigation, before millions of dollars are expended in rock excavation. If it is true that our great lakes can be connected with each other and with the ocean, both by the Hudson and Mis- Bissippi, by ship canals, — in making which no elevated sum- mits nor rock barriers need be cut through, — the future com- merce created by the great population and immense resources of the basin of the great lakes may require their construction. 3d. Opon the glacial surface we find a series of unconsoli- dated materials generally stratified, called the " Drift deposits." I If these, the first and lowest are blue and red clays (the i clays of Sir W'm. Logan), generally regularly stratified in thiii layers, and containing no fossils, but drifted coniferous wood and leaves. Over the southern and eastern part of the lake basin, these clay- contaiu no boulders, hut towards the North and West they include scattered Btones, often of large f'.yj- : while iii places beds of boulders and gravel are found rest- ing directly on the glacial surface. [u Ohio, the Erie clays are blue, nearly 200 feel in thickness, and reach up the hill-sidee more than l'i»<> feet above the present surface of Lake Erie. On the shores of Lake Michigan these claw- are in pari of a red Color, showing that 1 1 n • \ have keen derived from differenl rocks, and they there include great numbers of Btoni On the peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Huron the Eri( fill the old channel which formerly connected these Great Lakes, and the Valley of the Mississippi. 219 lakes, having a thickness of over 200 feet, and containing a few scattered stones. 4th. Above the Erie clays are sands ol variable thickness and less widely spread than the underlying clays. These sands contain beds of gravel, and, near the surface, teeth of elephant have been found, water-worn and rounded. 5th. Upon the stratified clays, sands, and gravel of the Drift deposits are scattered boulders and blocks of all sizc<, of granite, greenstone (diorite and dolerite), silicious and mica dates, and various other metaniorphic and eruptive rocks, generally traceable to some locality in the Eozoic area north of the laki 9. Among these boulders many balls of native copper have been found, which could have come from nowhere else than the copper district of Lake Superior. Most of these masses are rounded by attrition, but the large blocks of Corniferous limestone which are scattered over the southern margin of the lake basin in Ohio show little marks of wear. These masses, which are often 1<» to 20 feet in diame- ter, have been transported from 100 to 200 miles south-east- ward from their places of origin, and deposited sometimes -'500 feet above the position they once occupied. 6th. Above all these Drift deposits, and more recent than any of them, are the "lake ridges," — embankment- of sand, gravel, sticks, leaves, \v the upper Mississippi, the Ohio, the Tennessee, &c. Since the Miocene period, the Missouri, Arkansas, and Red rivers have made their contribu- tions to the flood that flowed through it. The depth to which this channel is cut in the rock proves that at times the river must have flowed at a lower level and with a more rapid cur- rent than now ; while the Tertiary beds formed as high as Iowa and Indiana in this trough, and the more modern Drift clays and boulders which partially All the old rock cuttings, show that the mouth and delta of the river have, in the alternations of continental elevation, travelled up and down the trough at least a thousand miles; and that not only is it true, as assert- ed by Ellet, that every mile between Cairo and New Orleans once held the river's mouth, but that in the several advances and recessions of the waters of the Gulf the mouth has been more than twice at each point. The change of place of the delta has been caused, however, for the most part, by oscilla- tions of the sea level, and not, as Ellet supposed, by the filling of the channel by the materials transported by the river itself. Drift Deposi rs. The Drift deposits which cover the glacial surface, consisting of fine clays below. Bands and gravel above, large transported boulders on the surface, and the series of lake ridges (beaches) over all, form a sequence of phenomena of which the history is easily read. Eri< ( lays. Tin- lower series of blue or red clays — -the "Erie clays" 1 of Sir William Logan — over a very large area, Pesl directly OD the planed and polished rock-surfaces. These clays are often ac- curately stratified, wen- apparently deposited in deep and generally quiet water, and mark a period when the glacial ice- maSSeS, melted by B Change Of climate, reheated northward, Great Lakes, and the Valley of the JUississtjppi. 223 leaving large bodies of cold fresh water * about their south- ern margins, in which the mud produced by their grinding action on the paleozoic rocks of the Lake District was first sus- pended and then deposited. On the shores of Lake Erie these clays contain no boulders, and very few pebbles, while farther North and West boulders are more abundant. This is precisely what might be expected from the known action of glacial masses on the surfaces over which they pass. Their legitimate work is to grind to powder the rock on which they rest: an effect largely due to the Band which gathers under them, acting as emery on a lead wheel. The water flowing from beneath glaciers is always milky and tur- bid from this cause. Rocks and boulders are Bometimee frozen into glaciers, and thus transported by them, but nearly all the boulders carried along by a glacier are such as have fallen from above; and a moraine can hardly be formed by a glacier except when there are cliffs and pinnacles along its course. In a nearly level country, composed of sedimentary rocks passed over by a glacier, we should have very little debris pro- duced by it, except the mud flour which it grinds. The Erie clays would necessarily receive any gravel or stones which had been frozen into the ice, either as scat:. pebbles or stones, distributed to some distance from the glacial mass by floating fragments of ice, or as masses of frozen gravel, or larger and more numerous boulders near the glacier. In Borne localities torrents would pour from the sides and from beneath the glacier, so that here coarse material would alone resist the rapid motion of the water, and the stratification of the sedi- ments would be more or less confused. In regard to the cau8e of the gradual amelioration of the cli- mate of the glacial epoch, by which the greal glaciers of the * Cold, because coming from the melting glacier, and depositing writb its ■■ ali- ments no evidences of life ; frexh, because no marine sheila are found in it— only drift-wood — while the equivalent " Champlain " clays on the coast are full of marine Arctic shells. 224 Onth< Surfaa Geology of tfo Basin of the lake basin were driven northward and finally altogether dis- solved, we arc not left entirely to conjecture. ismical causes possibly and probably had the chief agency in producing this result, but we have unmistakable evidence of at least the co-operation of another and perhaps no less potent cause, viz., continental depression. \i' a cosniical cause had simply increased the annual tem- perature till the glaciers were all melted, without the action of any other agent, we should never have had the accumulation of drift deposits which now occupy all the glacial area; but the drainage streams, changed in all their courses from ice to water, would have flowed freely and rapidly away through their deep- ly cut channels to deposit their abundant sediments only where their transporting power was arrested, in the depths o( the ocean. Instead of this, we everywhere find evidence that this flow was checked, and a basin of quiet water formed by an advance of tin' ocean consequent upon a subsidence of the land. On the Atlantic and Gulf coasts this depression progressed until the sea-level was more than .'.no tVet higher than now. The effect of this depression was to deeply submerge the eastern margin of the continent, and cover it with the " Champlaiu " (days. It is evident that at this period the drainage from the great water-shed of the continent musl have been mel by the quiet of the ocean almost at the Bources of the present drain- ing stream-, and as the "dead water" gradually crept up the valleys, arresting the transporting power oi their currents, their old channels would be silted up and obliterated, and their val- partially filled with materials for their subsequent terra* In the advance ami subsequent recession of the line of "dead water" we have ample cause for all our terrace phenomena. This continental depression accounts satisfactorily for the filling of the old channels of the Mississippi and the ( )hio, as a depression of 500 feet would bring the ocean nearly to Pitts- pgb on the ( diio. to St. Paul on the Mississippi. Great Lakes, and t he Valley of the Mississippi. 225 But I think we have evidence that the continent did not sink uniformly in all its parts, but m >st at the North. Not to cite any other proof of this, — northern coast fiords, &c- the altitude of the loess-like deposits of the upper Mississippi and Missouri (the lacustrine non-glacial sediments of this period of submergence), the upward reach of the Drift clays of the lake basin, the filling of the valleys of the streams flowing into the Ohio and Lake Erie, the old lake beaches marking the former water-level in the lake basin — all indicate that the continental subsidence was greatest toward- the north. To this subsidence we must, as I think, attribute the accumulation of water in the lake basin and Mississippi valley to form the great inland sea of fresh water, of which traces everywhere abound. It seems to me scarcely necessary to suppose any other barriers by which this sea was enclosed than the highlands that encircle it — such as are roughly outlined by the light tint on Prof. Guyot's map of North America — and the sea-water which filled the mouths of the two* straits by which it communica- ted with the ocean. Yellow Sands and Surface Bould I have mentioned that on the Erie clays are beds of gravel, sand, and clay, and over these again great number- of trans- ported boulders, often of large size and of northern and remote origin. These surface deposits have been frequently referred to the direct and normal product of glacial action, the materials torn up and scraped off by the greal ice ploughs in their ! journeys from the North; in fact, as some sort of huge termi- * If there were two. That there was one ii I now, and that so long that, though Ball al one end, it must have : The eastern outlet of the lak may Dot ha^ • it Lawn but as likely through the gap between the Adir lUegbanies. The Bhallow channels betv '1 Islands and I to indicate that the St Lawrence is a comparatively new line of drainage for the lakes. 226 On tfu Surfaci Geology of tht Basin of the nal and lateral moraines. I have, however, disproved, as 1 think, this theory of their transportation in a paper published Borne years Bince (Notes on the Surface Geology of the Basin of the Great Lakes. Proc. Bost. Nat. IIisr.Soc.18G3), in which it is urged that the continuous sheel of the Erie clays upon ■which they rest, and which forms an unbroken belt between them and their place of origin, precludes the idea that they have been transported by any ice-current or rush of water moving <>ver the glacial surface; as either of these must have torn up and scattered the soft clays below. There is, indeed, no other conclusion deducible from the facts than that these sands, gravels, granite ami greenstone boulders — masses of native copper, &c, which compose the superficial Drift deposits — have been floated to their resting- places, and that the floating agent has been ice, in the form of icebergs : in short, that these materials have been transported and scattered over the bottom and along the south shore of our ancient inland sea, just as similar materials are now In scattered over the banks and shores of Newfoundland. If we restore in imagination this inland sea, which we have proved once tilled the basin of the lakes, gradually displacing the retreating glaciers, we are inevitably led to a time in the tory of this region when the southern shore of this sea was formed by the highlands of Ohio, &c, the northern shore a wall of ice resting on the hills of crystalline and trappean rocks aln.ut Lake Superior and Lake Huron. From this ice-wall masses must from time to time have been detached, jusl as they are now detached from the Ilum- boldt Glacier, — and floated off southward with the current, bearing in their grasp Band, gravel, and boulders whatever composed the beach from which they -ailed. Five hundred mile- Bouth they grounded upon the southern Bhore : the hi lands of now Western New Fork, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, or the shallowsof the prairie region of Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa ; re melting away and depositing their entire loads,— as I Great Lakes, and the Valley of the Mississippi. ~-7 have sometimes seen tliem, a thousand or more boulders od a few acres, resting on the Erie clays and looking in the distance like flocks of sheep, — or dropping here and there a stone and floating on east or west till wholly dissipated. These boulders include representatives of nearly all the rocks of the Lake Superior country, conspicuous among which are granites with rose-colored orthoclase, gray gneiss, and dio- rites, all characteristic of the Laurentian series ; horn b lend ic rocks, massive or schistose, and dark greenish or bluish silieious slates, probably from the Huronian ; dolorites and masses of native copper, apparently from the Keweenaw Point copper region. In the Drift gravels I have found pebbles and small boul- ders of nearly all the paleozoic rocks of the lake basin, con- taining their characteristic fossils, viz. : The Calciferous Sand- rock with Maclurea, Trenton and Hudson with Arribonychia radiata, Cyrtolites omcctus, Medina with Pleurotomaria /<'/<>/■< a, Corniterous with Conocardium trigonale, Atrypa reticularis, Favosites polymorpha, Hamilton with Splr'ifer mucronatux, etc. The granite boulders are often of large size, sometimes six feet and more in diameter, and generally rounded. The largest transported blocks I have seen are the more or less angular masses of corniterous limestone mentioned on a preceding page. Along the southern margin of the Drift area, especially on the slopes of the highlands of Northern Ohio, the Drift sands and gravels are of considerable thickness, forming hills of 100 feet or more in height, generally stratified, but often without any visible arrangement. 'J hese deposits are \, IV unevenly distributed, with a rolling surface frequently forraiug local basins, which hold the little lakelets or sphagnous marsh- es so characteristic of the region referred to. These an- the beds to which I have alluded as constituting, in the opinion of some geologists, a great glacial moraine, but from the facl that they are locally stratified, and overlie the older blue clays, 228 On the & I logy of tJu Basin of the I have regarded them as transported not by glaciers, but by icebergs. Possibly Bome pari of this Drift material may have accumu- 1 along the margin of the greal glacier, moved by its agency : but in thai ease we should expect to find in it abun- dant fragments of the rocks which ontcropinthe region under consideration, whereas I have rarely, it' ever, seen in these Drift gravels any representatives of the rock.- underlying the south margin of the lake basin. By whatever agency transported, the Drift gravels have, like the boulders, for the most part come from some remote point at the North, and were once spread broadcast along the south- ern Bhore of the inland iceberg-bearing sea. In the retreat of the shore line during the contraction of the water surface down to its present area, every part of the Blope of the southern Bhore between the present water surface and the highest lake level of former times, i. < .. all within a verti- cal height of 300 feel or more, must in turn have been submit- ted to the action of the Bhore waves, rain, and rivers, by which if, as is probable, the retrograde movement of the water line was Blow, these loose materia!-, would be rolled, ground, sort- ifted, and shifted, 60 that comparatively little would he Left in it- original bedding; the fine materials, clay and sand, would be washed OUl and carried further and still further into the lake basin, and spread over the bottom, to form, in Bhort, the upper sandy layer- of the Drift. A - certain points in it^ deSCenl the water level seem- to hav( been for a time stationary, and BUch points are marked by ter- races and the long lino of ancient beaches which have been •red to. .\ similar "lake ridge" now borders the south shore of hake Michigan, where it may be observed in the pro- of formation ; and thi to ho the legitimate effeel of wav< - everywhere on a Bloping shore composed of loose mate- rial; storms driving tip sand and gravel to form a ridge which Ultimately a barrier to the waves that built it. Wil Great Lal\s, and the Valley of the Mississippi. 229 also, often assist in building up, and sometimes alone form these ridges, by transporting inland the beach sand. In other localities, where hard rock masses formed the shore of our inland sea, perpendicular wave-worn cliffs were pro- duced; and many of these now stand as enduring and indis- putable monuments of a sea whose waves, perhaps, for ages beat against them. Such cliffs may be observed od Little Mountain, in Lake county, in the valley of the Cnyahoga, in Medina and Lorain county, Ohio, along the outcrops of the Carboniferous conglomerate and Waverley Bandstone. In all the changes through which the valley of the Mis sippi passed during the "Drift Period," its general structure and main topographical features remained the same. Yet the character of its surface suffered very important modifications, and such as deeply afi'ected its fitness for human occupation. As we have seen, the glacial epoch was marked by erosion on a grand scale. Then, our river valleys and some of our lakes — though mapped out long before — were excavated to a much greater depth than they now have. During their subsequent submergence, these valleys and lakes were partially or perfectly filled with the drift deposits which covered all the surface like a deep fall of snow, rounded its outlines and softened all its asperities. When the waters were withdrawn, the rivers again began clearing their obstructed channels; a work not yet ac< i- plished, and in many instance- not half done. Numbers of the old channels were wholly tilled and obliterated, and the streams that once traversed them were compelled to lind quartet where. Examples of this kind have been already cited, and they could be multiplied indefinitely. ORloix or 'i nr: OBE \ i LAX! 9. The question of tie in of our lake- i- one that requii more observation and study than have yet been given to it be- 230 On the Surface Geology of the Basin of the fore we can be said to have solved all the problems it involves. There are. however, certain facts connected with the structure of the lake basins, and some ded actions from these facts, which may be regarded as steps already taken toward the full under- standing of the subject. These facts and deductions are briefly as follows : — 1-t. Lake Superior lies in a synclinal trough, and its mode of formation therefore hardly admits of question, though its sides are deeply scored with ice-marks, and its form and area may have been Bomewhat modified by this agent. I'd. Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario are excavated basins, wrought out of once continuous Bheeta of sedimentary strata by a mechanical agent, and that ice or water, or both. That they have been filled with ice, and that this ice formed great moving glaciers, we may consider proved. The west end of Lake Erie may be said to be carved out of the Corniferous limestone by ice action ; as its bottom and sides and islands — horizontal, vertical, and even overhanging surfaces — are all furrowed by glacial grooves, which are parallel with the major of the lake. All our great lakes are probably very ancient, as since the ■ of th<- Devonian period the area they occupy has never u submerged beneath the ocean, and their formation may have begun during the Coal Measure epoch. The Laurentian belt, which Btretcbes from Labrador to the Lake of the Woods, and thence northward to the Arctic Sea, forms tin- oldest known portion of die earth's surface. The shore- <>!' this ancient < tiueiit, then high and mountainous, were washed by the Silurian sea, where the debris of the land was deposited in strata that subsequently rose to the Burface, and formed a broad low margin to the central mountain belt, just a- the Cretaceous and Tertiary strata Hank the Allegha- nies in the Southern Stat< hi ih- lapse of countle .all the mountain peaks and Great Lakes, and t/ie Valley of the Mississippi. 231 chains of the Laurentian continent have been removed and carried into the sea, and this has been done by rivera of water and rivera of ice. That these mountains once existed there can be no reasonable doubt, for their truncated bases remain as witnesses, and it is scarcely less certain that glaciers have flowed down their slopes of sufficient magnitude and reach to deeply score the plain which encircled them. It will-be noticed that all the great lakes of the continent hold certain relations to the curving belt of Laurentian high- lands. Some of them are embraced in the foldings of the Eozoic rocks, and fill synclinal troughs; but most of the series, from Great Bear Lake to Lake Ontario, exhibit the same geological and physical structure, are basins of excavation in the paleo- zoic plain that flanks in a parallel belt the Laurentian area. Few of us have any conception of the enormous general and local erosion which that plain has suffered. Those who will take the trouble to examine the section across Lake Ontario, from the Alleghanies to the Laurentian hills of Canada, and compare it with the other sections in the Lake Winnepeg dis- trict, radial to the Laurentian arch, given by Mr. Hind in his report on the Assiniboin country, will be sure to find the com- parison interesting and suggestive ; suggestive especially of a community of structure and history, and of an inseparable con- nection between the lake phenomena and the topographical features of the Laurentian highlands, flanked by the paleozoic plain. In estimating the influences that might have affected the number and magnitude of glaciers on the Bides of the Lauren* tian mountains, it should not be forgotten that the Cretaceous sea swept the western shore of the Paleozoic and Laurentian continent, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean ; and whether. we consider this sea as a broad expanse of water simply dotted with islands, or a strait traversed by a tropical current, we have in either case conditions peculiarly favorable 232 On the Surface Geology of the Bas-in of the to the formation of great glacial masses of ice, i. e., a broad evaporating surface of warm water swept by westerly winds that carried all Buspended moisture immediately on to a moun- tain belt, which served ns a sufficient condenser. This, at least, may be positively asserted in regard to the icy of ice in the excavation of the lake basins, that their bottom.- and Bides, wherever exposed to observation, if com- I of resistant materials, bear indisputable evidence of ice action, proving that these basins were filled by moving glaciers in the last ice period if never before, and that part, al \ of the erosion by which they were formed is due to these glaciers. No other agent than glacial ice, as it seems to me, is capable Kcavating broad, deep, boat-shaped basins, like those which hold our lakes. If the elevation of temperature and retreat northward of the glaciers of the lake basins were not uniform and continuous, hut alternated with periods of repose, we should find these periods marked by excavated basins, each of which would serve to measure the reach of the glacier at the time of its formation, the lowest basin being the oldest, the others formed in su< sion afterwards. Such a cause would be sufficient to ace. unit for any local expansions of the troughs of the old ice rivers. Where erlaciers flow down from highlands on to a plain or into the sea, the excavating action of the ice mass musl termi- nate somewhat abruptly in the formation of a basin-like cavity, ond which would be a rim of rock, with whatever of debris the glacier baa brought down to form a terminal moraine. When glaciers reach the Bea, the greal weight of the ice mass musl plough np the Bea bottom out to the poinl where the greater gravity of water lifts the ice from it.- bed, and bears it away as an iceberg. [fit i- true, as the facts I have cited indicate, that our lakes are but portions of greal excavated channel- locally filled with rial, the fiords of the northern Atlantic and Pacific Great lakes, and the Valley of the Mississippi. 233 coast present remarkable parallels to them ; and I would sue- gest Poget's Sound, Hood's Canal, and other portions of that wonderful system of navigable channels about Vancouver's Island, as affording interesting and instructive subjects for comparison. Like our lakes, their channels are for the most part excavated from sedimentary strata which form a low and com- paratively level margin to the bases >>\' mountain chains and peaks. They too have their depths and shallows, their basins and bars, and probably all who have seen them will assenl to Prof. Dana's view, that they are the "result of subaerial exca- vation," in which glaciers performed an important part. THE "LOESS" OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. The "Bluff formation" of the West, sometimes called "Loess," from its resemblance to the Loess of the Rhine, I have on a preceding page designated as a lacustrine, non-gla- cial Drift deposit. It seems to be the sediment precipitated from the w T aters of our great iidand sea in its shallow and more quiet portions, to which icebergs, with their gravel and boul- ders, had no access, and where the glacial mud was repre* sented only by an impalpable powder, which mingled with the wash of the adjacent land, land shells, &c. It is evidently one of the most recent of the deposits which come into the series of Drift phenomena, and was apparently thrown down while the broad water surface which once stretch- ed over the region where it is found was narrowing by drain- age and evaporation, till, by its total disappearance, this sheet of calcareous mud was left. It underlie; much of the prairie region, and once filled, often to the brim, the troughs of the Mississippi and Missouri, deeply excavated during the glacial epoch. When the Bystem of drainage was re-established the new rivers began tl vation of their ancient ralleys in the L When they had cut into or through this stratum, bo that it stood up in escarp- ments on either side, man came and called it the Bluff for- 234 Catalogue of Birds from Pu?ia Island. mation, because it composed or capped the bold bluffs of the river-banks. Ir is often, however, only a facing to the rocky cliffs, which are the true walls of these valleys, and which are monuments of an age long anterior to the date of its deposi- tion. XI. — Catalogue of Bird* from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Museum of die SmiOisonian Institution, collected by J. F. Reeve, Esq. By Geo. N. Lawrence. Read May 10th, 1869. Fam. Turdidae. 1. Turd us rccvei, pp. nov. The upper plumage and wing coverts are of a dark bluish plumbeous, with numerous darker narrow wavy lines, like water-marks, on the fea- thers of the upper parts except the head; the front and sides of the head are tinged with brownish ; the central tail feathers and outer webs of the others arc of a rather duller plumbeous than the back, the outer feather having only an edging of that color, all the inner webs are brownish-black j primaries brownish-black, with plumbeous outer mar- gins, the other quills have their exposed portions the color of the back, the concealed parte brownish-black; throat and under tail covi rts pale whitish-fulvous, the former streaked with blackish on the upper part; lower part of neck and upper part of breast light grayish fulvous; all the remaining under plumage and under wing coverts of a brownish- fulvous, paler on the middle and lower parts of the abdomen ; bill \ ellow, clouded with brownish at the base; tarsi and toes pale yellowish. Third quill leather the longest, the first and sixth equal. Length (skin) 9\ inches; wing 4 : ( ; tail 4; bill}; tarsi i.J. Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No. 54,102. Remarks. This does not require comparison with any other ; it comes nnder the section Planesticus ; the sex of the '•imen is not given. Catalogue of Birds from Puna Island. 235 I have conferred upon this species the name of J. F. Reeve, Esq., of Guayaquil, who (as I am informed by Prof. Jas. Orton) is a gentleman of great energy of character and courage, which latter quality is of importance in any explorations on Puna Isl- and, where collections are made at great personal risk, from the ferocious nature of the wild animals with which it abounds. Fam. Troglodytidae. 2. Thryotliorus superciliaris. pp. now Feathers of the fore part of the head blackish, margined with dull rufous, the entire upper plumage besides is of a light brownish rufous, brighter on the rump ; tail of a rather light rufous, crossed with eight distinct bars of black; quills liver brown, the exposed portions barred with light rufous, except at their ends ; the smaller quills entirely banded with light rufous and dark brown ; a broad stripe running from the bill over the eye, sides of the head, the chin and throat pure white ; there is a short postocular stripe of blackish brown, which does not ex- tend to the eye, or prevent the superciliary stripe from connecting with the white of the side of the neck ; on the breast is a mere suffusion of dilute rufous, which color gradually becomes darker on the abdomen and under tail coverts, but still is rather pale; under wing coverts white, tinged like the breast ; upper mandible black, the under whitish with the end dusky; tarsi and toes dark hazel brown. Length (skin) 6 inches ; wing 2f ; tail 2 ; bill ; ; tarsi 1. Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No. 54,100. There are three specimens in the collection. Remarks. This species most resembles T. modulus, but is larger and has a longer bill ; the most marked difference in plum- age is the broader superciliary stripe and the purer white of the sides of the head and throat; in T. modeslus the head and hind neck are browner, the tail duller in color, with the dark bars less strongly defined, the white of the throat has a fulvous tinge, the lores are dusky, and the dart I icular stripe extends from the eye to the dark color of the hind neck. 236 Cataloyui of Birds from Puna Island. Fain. SVLVICOLIDAE. 3. Parula pitiayumi, {Vieitt.) Fam. Tanaghidae. 4. Tanagra cann, 8w. Fam. Form icari dak. ThamnophUus albinuchal'ts, & . Fam. Tyrannidae. 6. Eupsilo8toma pusHtum, £ '. There are two specimens which agree quite well with Mr. S iter's description (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 68) except in the length n, viz. : 2.5 inches, which is without doubt a typographical error; the wing is also longer than as stated by him. The dimensions arc, length -1] inches ; wing 2 ; tail 1 $. The bill is larger than that of E. obsoletum, but the wings and tail arc shorter. 7. Pyrocepkalus nanus, Gonbl. Several specimens; they arc of the same size as examples of ibineus from Bogota, and the apparent differences from that spec ' as follows: upper plumage of a darker brown, more of a smoky cast; the quills and tail blacker, the red crest not extending so far behind, and the bill longer and narrower. 8. ICiup. M> full "in LTO. ^"*t Mi»t. Vm. l\ 238 Additional Notes on the Geographical Fam. CUCULIDAE. 16. Crotophaga sidcirostris, Sw. Fam. Picidae. 17. Ohloronerpes oallonotus ( Wat >■//.). Fam. Falconidae. 18. Urubibinga anthracina {Nitzsch.). 19. " "ii'icincta {Temm.). Fam. Charadriidab. 20. Aegialitis semvpalmatus (Bonap.), Fam. • Rallidae. 21. Parra intermedia, Bona p. One specimen in immature plumage, with the back and wing coverts brownish olive, the sides, under wing coverts and shoulders, deep chestnut. In a collection from Venezuela, made by W. B. Gilbert, Esq., sent me for examination by Prof. Henry, are three adult speci- mens. It is I think distinct from P. jacana from Brazil (which has been questioned by some writers), being smaller in all its dimensions; the chestnut coloring is much darker, more of a brownish maroon color, and the black coloring has a greenish lustre, which in P. jacana is of a deep purple cast. XII. — Additional X<>/rs on the Geographical Distribution of Land Shells in (he West Indies. l',v THOMAS BLAND. l:.-..,| May 10, 1-09. In various papers I Annals VII., 1861, with Catalogue ofSpeoies and Aincr. Jour, of Conch, II., 1866, and IV.. L868) I have dis- ed the Bubjecl of the Geographical Distribution of the W< I Indian terrestrial Mollusca, and shown that the Islands, consider- Distribution of Land Shells in the West Indies. 239 ing the facts of such distribution, may be divided into five sub- provinces, the whole group, in a general sense, being treated as one zoological province. For the sake of brevity, I may refer to the sub-provinces as those of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and Guadeloupe ; with respect to several .of which I now offer some additional information. Cuba. — This sub-province includes the Isle of Pines, the Ba- hamas, Turk's Island and Bermudas. An amazing number of species have been discovered in Cuba since 1S61, and also in the Bahamas. From the latter, including Turk's Island, 22 species only were enumerated in my Catalogue (1S61), while between 70 and 80 are now known. The Bahamas species will be the subject of a separate paper, but I may mention that the islands on the Little and Great Bahama Banks are closely connected by their land shell faunas with Cuba, but those to windward of the latter Bank, Inagua espacially, have evident relations with Haiti, to which geographically they are nearer. Haiti. — The Island of Navassa, situate 33 miles S.W. from Haiti and 72 E. from Jamaica, belongs to this sub-province. We are indebted e to Mr. Eugene Gaussoin for three species described by Tryon (Amer. Jour. Conch. II., 1866) viz. : — Helix Gaussoini, Chrondropoma Navassense, and Ilelicina circumlineata. Porto Eico. — In this section Vieque and small islands adja- cent are included, and also the Virgin Islands, with Anguilla, St. Martin, and St. Bartholomew. I am now enabled to enlarge and correct the lists of species from several of the islands. The Anegadaand St. Bartholomew lists are from facts communicated by Mr. R. Swift, on the authority of Dr. P. T. Cleve of the Uni- versity of Upsala, Sweden, who lately visited those islands. AXEGADA. Succinea. sp. indet. Helix euclasta Shuttl. : also in Cuba. notabilis Shuttl. : not found by Dr. Cleve. 240 Additional Not?.* on the Geographical Bulimus elongatus Bolt. tenuissimua Fer. : also in Trinidad. Pupa striatolla For. : very abundant Mac roc era in us microdon Pt'r. sumatus Guild. : var. in Ilaiti. Chrondropoma Tortolense Pfr. Anguilla. Bulimus Augnillensis Pfr. elongatus Bolt. Lehmanni Pfr. Pincria Schramnii Fisch.: also in Guadeloupe. Macroceramua signatua Guild. Cylindrella costata Gkdld. : also in Barbados. Tudora pnpaeformis Sowb. : referred by Pfeiffer, 1 think erroneously, to Haiti. Cistula lugubria l'fr. : attributed to Jamaica, from which it is nol known, by Pfeiffer, who mentions the An<_'uiila shell, with doubt, as a variety. St. Bartholomew. Succinea. 8p. Lndet. Helix Bubaquila Shuttl. notabilis Sbuttl. : not found by Dr. Cleve. Bulimus elongatus Bolt exilia Gmel. fraterculus Fer. marginatus Say. Stenogyra octona ( 'hem. Pineria Schrammi Fisch. Choanopoma aulculosum Fer. : also sab-fossil. The following, not in my Catalogue, belong to the different I .aids named. Hi lii castrensia Pfr. Porto Rico, (var.? of //. lima.) Chrondropoma terebra Pfr, " Distribution of Land Shells in the West Indies. 241 Macroceramus microdot) Pfr. Vieque, Lillienskjold ! Helix roarginella Gmel. Culabre, " Bulimus elougatus Bolt. « « unusually fine specimens; color of interior of aperture and columella very dark. Choanopoma senticosum ? Shuttl. " " Oleacina subtilis Shuttl. in litt., St. Thomas; allied to 0. mlculo&a Pfr. of Porto Rico. Bulimus marginatum Say, St. Croix. Pupa pellucida Pfr., " also Cuba and Jamaica. Bulimus elougatus Bolt. Tortola. Megalomastoma Antillarum Sowb. " Chrondopoma Julieni Pfr. Sombrero. It may be remarked that the land shell fauna of the Porto Eico sub-province is distinct and its limits well defined, so much so, indeed, as to warrant the inference, that the islands com- prised in it were, at a former period, more closely connected, if not united. In connection with the Geology of Anguilla, the remarks of Professor Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186S, p. 313), on the bones and teeth of a large Eodent from the cave deposits of that island, are very interesting. Pie thinks, " That its discover} on so small an island, with others of like character, indicated that the Caribbean continent had not been submerged prior to the close of the Post-pleiocene, and that its connection was with the other Antilles, while a wide strait separated it from the then com- paratively remote shores of North America." Mr. Julien (Annals VIII., 251, 18b'6) mentions the occurrence at Sombrero of the fossil remains of laud turtles, which were re- ferred by Prof. Jeffries Wy man to three new extinct and gigan- tic species similar to those of the GrallapagOS Islands. (See Cope in Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1868, p. 180. 1M2 Xote on LoverCs Article, on " Leskia mirabilis. Gray." XIII. — Note on LoverCs Article on ;< Leskia mirabilis. Gray." By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. Read June 7th. 1889. LOVEN has recently, in an article on Leskia mirabitis, Gray, in the Proceedings of the Swedish Academy, taken the opportunity to suggest some views on the homologies of certain openings in ( "\ stideans, tending to corroborate the explanation given by Billings, in the Decades of the Canada Geological Survey, of the functions of these apertures. Lutken has in the Geologist given the main points of Loven's arguments, and at the same time, to a certain extent, criticized the explanations there given j his article has been reprinted in the Canadian Naturalist for December, 1868. to which Billings has added some notes and objections to the criticisms of Lutken. I do not intend to pass in review the many theories which have been advanced at various times concerning the probable nature of the ovarian openings, and the openings called mouth or anus, or mouth-anus, by various paleontologists, but simply to point out a few features in the anatomy of recent Echinoderms which seem to have escaped paleontologists when discussing these ques- tions. In the first place then' is nothing contrary to the homology of living Echinoderma in the fact that one and the same opening should perform at the same time the functions of mouth ami anus. But the opening which performs this double function is always the mouth ; it is the opening which in the embryo Echi- noderms is the firsl formed ; when there exists an anus in addition to the mouth, the anal opening is always formed later, and then the mouth performs only its proper functions. As to genital open- COVi red by plates, we find nowhere in recent Kchinoderms any openings so constructed; the only structure to which we might homologize such genital openings is the genital slit of Note on Loven's Article on " Leskia mirabUis, Gray." 248 Ophiurans, which is however usually but a single slit, never closed by a system of regularly arranged plates, as is the case with the opening to which the name of genital opening has fre- quently been given among Crinoids. In all other Eehinoderms, the genital openings are mere pores in special plates; and in the Starfishes, for instance, it would puzzle any one to point out the position of the genital openings, or of the anus, even in a speci- men prepared to show simply the calcareous parts, such parts as would be preserved in a fossil. We find in almost all sea-urchins a system of plates arranged, more or less regularly, upon the buccal membrane, but they are usually numerous and small, ex- cept in Leskia, where they are limited to five ; so that it is the exception among living Echinoids to find the mouth protected by a system consisting of a small number of plates. If we ex- amine the anal opening we find, on the contrary, as Dr. Lutken justly remarks, a number of genera in which the anal opening is covered by a small number of plates. This is the case in Leskia itself, in Arbacia, in EcJiinocidaris, in Parasalenia, in several spe- cies of Echinometra, and it is a feature which is common to all the young Echini which I have as yet had the opportunity of examin- ing. In young Toxopneustes, Lytechinus, Toreumatica, Temno- trema, Sphaer echinus, Opechinv.s, we find the anal system covered at first in the early stages by a single plate, as in Salenia, after- wards by three, and then for a considerable period of their growth by five plates, one of which is slightly larger than the others, but presenting in all essential features the same arrangement as the plates covering what I would still consider, in the face of the arguments of Billings, reaffirmed by Loven, tin- anal opening in Cystideans. If we were to take a fossil Comatula, of the type of our common Antedon and Actinoimtra, what proof would we have that in one case the ambulacra radiate pentagonally from a centre to each of the arms, the anal proboscis being eccentric, while in the other case the ambulacra form an open horseshoe- shaped curve, from which the 'ixso, branches are sent into tin; arms, the anal proboscis being situated in the open space be- •_'44 Nbtt on LdverC* ArticL on " LeaMa mirabUis, Gray." twecn the two extremities of the horseshoe-shaped ambulaeral furrows, in the centre of the disc. In one case the mouth (a very minute opening in both instances) being central, while in the oilier the mouth is eccentric at the point of confluence of the ambulaeral furrows, but in the middle of the horseshoe-shaped curve the anus being central. It seems to me that Loven's figures of the ambulaeral fur- rows of SpoBhronttes show that, as far as we can trace the fur- rows, they formed, as in Actinometra, an open horseshoe-shaped curve, and that the mouth must have been placed in the middle of this curve, at a point corresponding with its position in Actinomelra, opposite the base of the arm placed near the middle of this curve. That is, I suppose, that in this genus as in Comalula, and as in all recent Crinoids known, there was a leathery actinal membrane extending along the arms, covering the central part of the disc, and in this were the ambu- lacral tubes, the soft parts forming a portion of the anal proboscis, and the minute mouth itself having a structure similar to that of our recent Antedon and Aclinometra, while theopening covered by plates is nothing but the anal opening, wc find in these Crinoids an embryonic feature of all young Comatvla retained bv the pre- sence of one or more anal plates. This would give us an ex- planation of the structure of Sphasronites and of other Cvstideans perfectly in accordance with the anatomical features of living Crinoids, and Prof. LoveVs figures of the curved horseshoe-sha- ped ambulaeral furrows seem to me the strongest possible proof of the complete accordance with recent Crinoids of this appa- rently aberrant type. It is certainly somewhere along the ambulaeral furrows that we must look for the mouth, but we could hardly expect to find any trace of it, if, as 1 cannot help conjecturing from what we have in all our recent Crinoids, there was a leathery membrane which would form the mouth, covering these furrows, it has of course left no trace of its exist DO . any more than any of our it Crinoids would show the presence of either] a mouth or Note on Loveri 's Article on '* Leskia m irabti is. Gray." 245 anus, if the calyx and arms alone were found fossil. This seems so natural an explanation, so entirely in accordance with all we know of the anatomy of Echinodcrms, that the mouth should be somewhere along the ambulacral furrows, at their junction, where the annular ambulacral tube is placed, but that junc- tion need not necessarily be a central point of the disc, that I give it for what it may be worth, loath as I am to assume the correctness of a theory which would place the mouth outside of all connection with the ambulacral furrows, a supposition totally unsupported by all homological inferences to be drawn from living Echinoderms. Nor can we suppose that this connec- tion between the mouth and the ambulacra can have been sepa- rated inCrinoids, because we find one opening performing some- times the functions of both mouth and anus. In the recent Echinoderms in which this is the case, we find that the opening performing this double function is invariably the mouth, which is placed at the point of confluence of the ambulacra. The whole history of the embryological development of Cri- noids, which is sufficiently well known for our purposes, shows us that such a separation between the mouth and ambulacra never exists in any of the earlier stages, and any theory which at- tempts to explain the homology of Crinoids on the assumption of the separation of the ambulacral system from the mouth, must explain away all we know of the anatomy of Echinoderms, and all we know of their development; it is contrary to everything we find in the living types, which after all must be our guid and a theory against which such a sweeping assertion can substantiated must be based upon an incorrect interpretation of the facts observed in their old fossil representatives, which cer- tainly have not been built upon a type differing from that of their representatives of the present day. 246 Observations on, a Collection of XIV. — Observations on a Collection of Chalchihuitls from Central America. By E. G. Squier. Bead April 5th, 1669. Among the articles of ornament used by the aboriginal inhabitants of Mexico and Central America, those worked from some variety of green stone resembling emerald, and called by the Nahuatl or Mexican name chalchiuiU, chalchi- huitl, or ckalchiuite,* were most highly esteemed, and are oftencst mentioned by the early explorers and chroniclers. The word chalchiuitl is defined by Molina, in his Vocabulario M \no (1571), to signify esmerahht l>"j<(, or an inferior kind of emerald. The precious emerald, or emerald proper, was called quetzaUteili, from the quetzal, the bird known to science as the trogan rcsplendrn* (the splendid plumes of which, of bril- liant metallic green, were worn by the kings of Mexico and Central America :i- regal insignia), and ilzU, stone J i. e. the stone of the quetzal. The value attached to the chaZchihuitl by the ancient Mexi- cans will appear from the testimony of the chronicler Bernal Diaz, which is supported by that of all the historians of the 1 1 jcovery and Conquest. The first messengers that Monte- zuma sent to Cortez, on his landing at San Jnan de Uiua, brought, among other presents, " lour chalchihuitls, a species <.f green Btone of uncommon value, which is held in higher estimation with them than the smaragdus." (Lockhart's Translation cf Bernal Diaz, vol. i. p. 93.) Subsequently, after having firmly established himself in Mexico, Cortez required of the Emperor Montezuma thai he should collect tribute from • I have followed Ihe orthography of ilic word throughout, aa given iiy the various author! quoted. Chalchihuitls from Central America. 947 all his vassals for the Spanish crown, which he proceeded at once to do; and, at the end of twenty days, handed over to Cortez all the treasures he had got together, amounting in value to 600.000 ^,$05. Bernal Diaz reports that Montezuma apolo- gized for the smallness of the amount, on the score that his time for collecting the tribute had been too short ; but that he would make it worthy of the acceptance of the Spanish king by adding to it the treasures of his father, and also " a few chalchihuis of such enormous value that I would not consent to give them to any one save such a powerful emperor as yours ; each of these stones is worth two loads of gold." (lb., vol. i. p. 278.) Sahagun mentions four of the Mexican gods who were the especial patrons of the lapidaries, and honored as the inven- tors of the art " of working stones and chalchiuites, and of drilling and polishing them." He does not, however, describe the process made use of by the Indians in cutting precious stones, " because," he says, " it is so common and well under- stood;" an omission which his editor, Bustamente, regrets, " since the art is now entirely lost." Quetzalcoatl, the lawgiver, high-priest, and instructor of the Mexicans in the arts, is said to have taught not only the work- ing of metals, but " particularly the art of cutting precious stones, such as chalchiuites, which are green stones, much esteemed, and of great value." (Torquemada, lib. vi. cap. xxiv.) Quetzalcoatl himself, according to certain traditions, was begotten by one of these stones, which the goddess Chi- malrna had placed in her bosom. Indeed, both among tin- Mexicans and the nations farther to the southward, the ohalchi- huitl seems to have represented everything that was excellent in its kind. Its name was used in compounding designations of distinction and honor, and was applied both to heroes and divinities. The goddess of water bore the name of ChaZ- chiuitlci/ye, the woman of the chalchiuites; and the name of Chalchiuhapan was often applied to the city of Tlaxealla, from <>},.«, rvai ' Wheobwn of autifal fountain ©f water near it, the color of which, aeeord- mema/da, " was between blue and greent" Oortea, rding to the same authority, was often called " OKal* . which is the same a- captain of greal valor, hecause the color of emerald, and the emeralds arc held in: stimation among the nations." {Monorchia Indiana, When a great dignitary died, his corpse was richly decorated for burial with gold and plumes of feathers, and " they put in hi- mouth a fine stone resembling emerald, which they call chalchifvuitl, and which, they saw they place a heart." ., vol. ii. p. 521.) - ihagun, in <>ne place, describee the chalchihuiil as " a _/'<> called, because by the word rae are round and pierced, others . cylindrical, and d; others triangular, hexagonal, ,.. re are still other Btone called ehalchivties, •i dun not transparent), mixed with white; ro much used by the chief-, who wear them fastened to a ."i of rank. The lower orders He not allowed to wear them. . . . There Chalchihuitls from Central America. 249 is yet another stone called tlilaiotic, a kind of chalchuite, in color black and green mixed. . . . And among the jaspers is a variety in color white mixed with green, and for this reason called iztacchalchiuitl* Another variety has veins of clear green or blue, with other colors interspersed with the white. . . . And there is yet another kind of green stone which resembles the chalehiuities, and called xoxou/iqicitecpatl.f It is known to the lapidaries as tecelic, for the reason that it is very easy to work, and has spots of clear blue. The wrought and curious stones which the natives wear attached to their wrists, whether of crystal or other precious stones, they call chopilotl — a designation that is given to any stone curiously worked or very beautiful." (Historia de Nueva JEspana, lib. xi. cap. viii.) The same author, describing the ornaments which the Mexican lords used in their festivals, speaks of a " head-dress called quetzalalpitoai, consisting of two tassels of rich plumes, set in gold, and worn suspended from the hair at the crown of the head, and hanging down on each side towards the shoulders. They also wear rings of gold around the arms and in their ears, and round their wrists a broad band of black leather, and suspended to this a large bead of chal- chiuitl or other precious stone. They also wear a chin orna- ment (barbote) of chalchiuitl set in gold, fixed in the beard. Some of these barbotes are large crystals, with blue feathers put in them, which give them the appearance of sapphires. There are many other varieties of precious stones which they use for barbotes. They have their lower lips slit, and wear these ornaments in the openings, where they appear as if com- ing out of the flesh ; and they wear in the same way semi- lunes of gold. The noses of the great lords are also pierced, and in the openings they wear fine turquoises or other pre- cious stones, one on each side. They wear strings of precious * Iztac signifies white ; i. e. white-chakhihuill. \ From xuxouhqui, cosa verde, something green, and tecpall, stone; i.e. green- stone. , a ( 'oUeotion of around their Decks, sustaining a gold medal set round with ; . and having in its centre a Bmooth precious stone." ., lib. viii. cap. i . ao confirming the definition of chalchihuiU as given by Molina, I quote the exact words of Montolina, in his Letter to which Sefior Ecazbalceta has given the first place in his " Ooleccion de Documentor para la Historia de Mexico." I quote from page L89, on which, enumerating the riches of \\, . he says: " Baymucho oro yplata, y todoslos metales 1 especial turquesos, 3 otras que aca Be dicen ehal- chiuitl; laafiruu ■!■ estas son esmeraldas." The chronicler Puentes, in hie unpublished history of the old kingdom of Guatemala, Bpeaks of the Indians of Quiche" as wearing "head-dr< of rich feathers and brilliant stones, chalchiguites, which were very large and of great weight, un- der which they danced without wearying." The Licenciado Palacio, in hifi account of the I'ipil Indians of San Salvador, -.. makes mention of these .-tones, which were worn on the wriste and ankles, and also BUppOSed, like the bezoa/T stone, to be a Bpecific against certain diseases. [Carta ai Rey d\ />- « Coleci ion d\ /'■ umentos OrigmaUs^ etc." vol. It, 11,, ... icriptions, it will be Been that the ohalohihwiUa poken of a- ornaments, round or oblong beads, which informs with the representations in the paintings. Bui these or similar green stones were need for other purposes. The chronicler Villagutierre, in his account of the conquest of the of Yucatan. Bpeakfl of idolfl in their temples " of precious I, and of other CdlorS J " and, in describing th .t temple of Tayasal, mentions particularly an inquering general, Ursua, took as pan of his •il. when the Spaniards first landed in Tabasco, Chalchihuitls from Central America. 251 they mistook some of these cJialchihuitles for true emeralds ; at any rate the Indians were eager to obtain the glass beads of the Spaniards, not knowing them to be artificial. If, however, the Spaniards really fell into any mistake as to these stones, they were not long in finding it out, as appears from an anecdote re- lated by Torquemada, describing how Don Pedro Alvarado often played with Montezuma at a game called bodoque, in which, while the latter paid his losses in gold, the former paid his in chalchiuites, "que son piedras entre los Indios estimada, y entre los Castellanos, no." {Mon. Inch, vol. i. p. 462.) The Mexicans nevertheless had true emeralds, of which we have left to us the most glowing descriptions. Gomara de- scribes particularly five large ones which Cortez took with him from Mexico to Spain at the time of his first visit, and which were regarded as among the finest in the world. They were valued at 100,000 ducats, and for one of them the Genoese merchants offered 40,000 ducats, with the view of selling it to the Grand Turk. Cortez had also the emerald vases, which the padre Mariana assures us, in the supplement of his History of Spain, were worth 300,000 ducats. They are reported to have been lost at sea. All these emeralds were cut in Mexico by Indian lapidaries under the orders of Cortez, and were most elaborately worked. One was wrought in the form of a little bell, with a fine pearl for a clapper, and had on its lip this inscription in Spanish, Bendito quien te crio ! Blessed he who made thee ! The one valued most highly was in the shape of a cup, with a foot of gold. All of them were presented by Cortez to his second wife, who thus, says Gomara, became possessed of finer jewels than any other woman in Spain. Remarkable as were these emeralds, Peter Martyr mentions one, of which Cortez was robbed by the French pirates, that must have surpassed any of them in size and value. "But what shall wee speake of Iewelles and precious stones? Omit- ting the rest, there was an Emerode like a Pyramis, the lowest part or bottome whereof was almost as broad as the palme of ObservaU << Collection of a mans hande, such a one (as was reported to Cceaar, and to us iu the Kii ges Senal ver any human Eye behelde. The i Admiral] d to have gotten it of the Pyrattes at incredible price." I D< cadi viii. c. 4.) < >ming down to later times, we find Prof. I'. Blake, in the \ in Jonrnal of S and Arts Cor March. l v ."> s . in an interesting article on " The ( 'halchihuitil of the Mexicans," in- - thai the Navajo Indians in the northern and western . : \. w Mexico wear small ornaments and trinkets of a hard, green stone, which they call by the Mexican name, and which they regard as of greai value; "a string of fragments large enough for an ear-ring being worth as much as a mule." Mr. Blake, suspecting this stone to be turquoise, and learning that it was yet procured in small quantity by the Indians among the mountains aboul twenty miles from Santa F6, ted the spot, where he found an immense pit excavated in granular porphyry, " 200 feel in depth and 300 or more in width," besides some smaller excavations, lie obtained many rments of the so-called chalchihuitU " of apple-green and en, passing into bluish-green, capable of a fine polish, and of a hardness little less than that of feldspar." The frag menu; found were small, not exceeding three quarters of an inch in length and one-quarter of an inch in thickness, and the material " appeared to have formed crusts upon the sur- f cavities or fissures in the rock, or t<> have extended through it in veil M' I;:;,! cription applies to the specimens exhibited to the Lyceum not long by Prof. Newberry, and there is Q0 doubl that the material wa-, or rather is, a variety of the tun, I'.ut I doubl it' it he the true eholohihtUU of the .•is and Central Americans. Thai they used the stone rihed by Mr. Blake tor certain purpo es, I know ; for there n the museum of the late Mr. Senrj Christy, in Lon- don, a human skull completely encru.-led with a mosaic of tone, and a Mint knife with its handle elaborately Chalchihuitls from Central America. 253 inlaid with it, in small fragments. Of the first of these relics I present a drawing made by "Waldeck and published by the French Government. See Fig. 1.* Fro. 1. Human Skull, Ancient Mexican, inlaid with turquoise and obsidian. The weight of evidence, in my opinion, goes to show that the stone properly called chalehihuitl is that which Molina defines to be "baja esmeralda" or possibly nephrite, "a jas- per of very green color," as Sahagun, already quoted, avers. I should therefore object, on strictly critical and historical grounds, to the suggestion of Mr. Blake, that the variety of turquoise found by him should be " known among mineralo- gists as chalehihuitl." * In Mr. Christy's museum is also a wooden mask encrusted in like manner, with turquoises, malachite, and white and red shells. The predominant stone in all is the turquoise. The back of the skull in the specimen engraved is cut away, so as to admit the face to be hung by leathern thongs (which still remain) over the face of an idol, as was the custom in Mexico. The transverse black bands in the cut are of obsidian in the original. The eyeballs are nodules of iron pyrites, cut hemispherically, and highly polished. AUGUST, 1869. 17 Ahn. Lto. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX. 254 / nations on a Collection of Bat apart from any speculations on the subject, I have to lay before the Lyceum a most interesting series of green stones, unrivalled, in their way, in the world, which were found among the ruins of Ocosingo, in the department of Quesalte- Guatemala, on the borders of Cliiapas, and not remote from the more famous but hardly Less imposing monuments of aque. I must not omit to Bay that, in common with simi- lar they were designated by the people of the region when- they were found as chalchichuites. In;. 8. — The first and most interesting of these is precisely . ' Dtnl \i erloa, Poll alio. ■ inchec long by two and three-tenthi broad, and about half :i » inch in av< i --. The face is sculptured in ton re- Chalchihuitls from Central America. 255 lief, with the figure of a divinity seated, cross-legged, on a kind of carved seat, with his left hand resting on his thigh, and his right raised to his breast, as if in the act of giving benediction. Around his loins is an ornamental girdle, and depending from his neck and resting on his breast is an oblong rectangular plate or charm, not unlike that said to have been worn by the Jewish high-priests. The face is in profile, showing the salient nose and Fig. 3. Basso-Eelievo of the god Cuculcan, from Palenque. conventional receding forehead that characterize most Central American sculptures. Ornaments are inserted in the lobes of the ears, and the head is surmounted with the characteristic and elaborate plumed head-dress that we observe on the Palenque monuments and in the paintings. The whole is almost an exact vations on a < 'olleetion of iature copy 6f the Large bmfrveHtf found by Mr. Stephens in an inner chamber of one of the rained structures of Palenque , |-'i. ibont one-third of ihe length of the- carved chalchi- buit], measuring from the top, it is drilled through from edge to edge, the hole being a little less than two-tenths of an inch in ■ diameter; the drilling having been made from each side to the iv. where the two drillings run one into the other, with a slightly diminished bore. The purpose of this Beems to have to Buspend the object from the neck or other pari of the - Mi ; but the hack edges of the plate are also pierced diagonally, aa if to afford means of fastening it to cloth or other material, without those means Bhowing in front. Fig. 4. — The next relic in importance is of a similar hut 1 1 ohibnltl t i wo-thlrdi k tn&l more opaque material, which, were it not for a strip of clear quartz on one edge, might be mistaken for enamel. It is a Bemi-disk in Bhape, four and a half inches in length by two and tenths in greatest width. It Bhows a human face in full front, Burmonnted by a kind of heraldic shield, and sur- ronnded by a profusion of feather ornaments, with huge ■ / and other ornament! below the chin. It, too, is I near its tipper i longitudinally from side to side. hack show.s that it v. ,s n from a solid block of the nan srial, both from above and below, until, the cutting Chalchihuitls from Central America. 257 reached each other within half an inch, when the intermediate core, if I may so call it, was broken off. The swerve of the saw is distinctly visible from the top as well as the bottom, although the strice are nearly polished out. This was clearly intended to be suspended, as there are no means by which to fasten it to robes of any kind. It must have served as a gorget or breast-plate. Fig. 5. — This is a most interesting, although a very irregular, Fig. 5. Chalchihuitl from Ocosingo. Two-thirds actual size. and comparatively rude specimen, four inches and two-tenths long by two and a half inches wide at its widest part. The back shows a compact greenish stone, with the same evidences of having been sawn from a solid block, to which I have al- luded in describing Fig. 4. The front appears as if of a bril- liant green enamel, exhibiting a full human face with a large and elaborate feather helmet or crown, huge ear and neck ornaments impossible to describe, and only to be understood by inspection of the original. This, too, is pierced, like that last described, from edge to edge, near its upper end. Observations on ~NJ ■4Wv> -/Will 71" m IV. s. 18, 14. ohlhuitl engraved pi same stone with the objects already described, two inches and eight-tenths in length by two inches and three-tenths broad and two-tenths of an inch thick, engraved on both Burfaces and cut through with ornamental devices. Fio. I 5 i- an engraving of one of a number oi hat-shaped ob- bone under notice, pierced through, so as to Leave a very thin rim and walls, and obviously designed to hold those penachos or clusters of feathers which the Spanish con- quei often describe, and which are so conspicuous in the I ornaments represented on the monuments and in the abo- riginal paintings of Mexico, Central America, and Tern. acli two inches and two-tenths in diameter over the . one inch and one-tenth high, with a bore of eight-tenths of an inch in diameter. The relics above described are fair types of the chalchihuitls found a) bul I po >me other worked and en- . worth mentioning, perhaps, in this con of tie Observations on a Collection of 261 Fig. 16 has some resemblance to the engraved Assyrian seals, or, as they are sometimes called, " Chaldean " cylinders. It is a perforated cylindrical piece of heavy, opaque stone, of a dark sea-green color (nephrite ?), two inches long by an inch and one-tenth in diameter. In a kind of oval, or what Egyptian scholars would call a cartouche, is presented the profile of some Fig. 16. Engraved stone cylinder from Yucatan. divinity (the Maya god of Death?), with the eye closed and the tongue depending from the corner of the mouth. Some- thing like claws, engraved on a projection of the cylinder,, start out from the cartouche on the left side. The whole is boldly and sharply cut, and highly polished. This relic was obtained from the island of Flores, the ancient Tayasal, in the lake of Itza or Peten, in Yucatan. Among the things found by the conqueror of the Itzaes, Ursua, in the temples which he destroyed in the island in 1697, he mentions " an idol of eme- rald a span long, which," says the chronicler, " he appropriated to himself." It may be observed of the figure engraved on this stone, that to speak, among American nations, was the verbal as well as symbolical expression of life or being, as is to see or to breathe, or to eat, among other nations in various parts of the world. The projecting tongue in the sculptured and painted American idols and figures denotes the living god or man ; he who can .,,;., dchihuitta from Central America. talk, and therefore lives. In this instance, the lax and droop- ing tongue heightens the idea of death which the closed eye in pari conv< Fig. I n engraving of a st<>m> hatchet or adze of hard -•.■He resembling quartz, five inches long. It is highly polished en the face, hut the reverse has marks which show that it t"" was sawn from a block of the same material. I'm. 17. ,i of green stone from Costa Bleu Where the notches occur in the sides there are holes drilled entirely through tin- Btone, parallel with its face. The lower or cutting edge is Blightly curved outward, implying that, if intended for practical Bervice, it was ;i> an adze. Bui it i> to he presumed thai it was worn symbolically, in tin- way of
  • tiiic- tion or ornament. Ii was found in an ancient grave in Costa ; >' i. The ruling Inca of Peru carried an axe instead of a ie of hi- insignia of dominion.* * In Gn Bometimea found, which the .11 "thunderl <"'l )k>!<1 in high estimation, a correspon- found ;i aimilar object, c:illcu> stones in Mexico, I itral America, and the mounds of the United States, were duoed h\ persistenl rubbing or abrasion a general bypothe- which I shall not dispute. Hut in objects from the mounds, Characters of some New South American Birds. 265 as well as from other points on the continent, we have distinct evidence of the use of graving or incisive tools of some kind — as for instance in the hieroglyphics in Fig. 7, which are cut in a stone so hard that the blade of a knife produces scarcely any impression on its polished surface. XY. — Gliaracters of some New South American Birds, with Notes on other rare or little known Species. By George N. Lawrence. Read May 31st, 1S69. 1. Tn rd n% hauxwelli. Male. The upper plumage is of quite an uniform deep cinnamon- brown, brightest on the rump ; the coloring below is lighter and less cinnaraomeous ; the middle of the abdomen and under tail coverts are whitish, with the feathers more or less marked with the same color as the breast ; the throat is without any white, and has a striated appear- ance, in consequence of the edges of the feathers being paler than their centres, where they are of the same color, and scarcely darker than the breast ; the tail is of a dark liver-brown, the feathers edged the color of the back ; the quill feathers have the inner webs dark liver-brown ; the outer webs are colored like the rump ; under wing coverts clear pale cinnamon ; the inner margins of the quills have only a mere trace of this color ; " iris brown " ; bill blackish-brown, the under mandible lighter in color; tarsi and toes yellowish-brown. First primary very short, fourth and fifth longest and equal, the sec- ond and eighth are of equal length. Length (skin) 9 in. ; wing 4 J ; tail 4 ; bill f ; tarsi lyL. Habitat. Pebas, Peru. Type in Vassar College Museum. It was obtained by Mr. J. Hauxwell, Oct. 3d, 1868, and sent in a collection to Prof. Jas. Orton. I have named this species in compliment to Mr. John ITaux- well, the well-known collector on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. Remarks. The only thrush with which this species needs comparison is T. leucomelas, Vicill. This inhabits the same local- traders of so New South American BirdSy it v — :\ specimen being in tlie collection sent Prof. Orton ; above . differ materially in color, that part of leueomelas is of a de- - the new Bpeciea is reddish-brown, with no . and is uniformly darker. From the abs f white on the throat, it should perhaps be pro] grouped with T. grayii and 1\ obsoletus, •2. Ochthoeca rufbmarginatiis. Entire upper plumage of a dull rufous-brown, darker on the crown ; a narrow line of grayish-white extends from the bill over the eye ; tail blackish-brown, margined the color of the hack; the ends of all the feathers and the outer web of the lateral father paler ; primaries and ndariea blackish-brown, narrowly edged with dull rufous; tertiaries and the middle ami larger wing coverts black — the former with rufous margins, and the latter bn adly ending with rather bright rufous; under rerts pale yellowish-white; inner edges of quills pale salmon color; throat grayish-white ; a band across the upper part of the breast, and the Bides under the wings light ashy brown ; lower part of In-east and abdomen pale yellowish-white; upper mandible Mack, the under dark frown ; tarsi and toes black. I.' ir_ r lh (skin/ .V in.; win lT -ij : tail I'.l ; hill ~\. ; tarsi ];";. Habitat. Quito Valley, Ecuador. Type in my collection. Remarks. This is allied to 0. lessoni, ami much like' it in the above, but is without the rufous throat and breast, ami conspicuous white band encircling the crown of that species. Itdiffei in having the middle and larger wing covertsend- ing with rufous the latter only being so in lessoni. it, Hecocerculus uropygialis. Plumage above of a dull olivaceous-brown, darker on the head ; there taint line ,,1' grayish-white extending from the hill over the eye; rump pale ferruginous; tail of a dull liver-brown, the feathers at the edged with dull rufous; middle ami larger wing coverta blackish- brown, ending in white tinged with rufous; quills blackish-brown; under wing coverta pale yellow ; inner margins of quills eerj pale Mtlmon color; chin ami upper pari of throat graj ; uecl in front clouded with lighl olive-brown ; breast, abdomen, and under tail coverta pale : upper mandible black, the under light frown, darker at the : irk hrow n. ■ . m. ; wiiipr 24 ; tail :.' ; fill ,', ; tarsi with JYbies on other rare or little known Species. 267 Habitat. South America. Supposed to be Ecuador. Type in ray collection. Remarks. This species somewhat resembles M. leucophrys, but it is of a paler yellow on the under plumage, with a much smaller and weaker bill. Its rufous uropygium will readily dis- tinguish it from that species. 4. PogOBiotriccws plumbeiceps. Head above and hind neck dark plumbeous ; a line of grayish-white between the bill and the eye ; upper plumage bright yellowish-green ; tail light umber-brown, with the outer margins of the feathers the color of the back ; wing coverts black, conspicuously edged with clear pale yellow ; quills browmish-black, edged with yellow ; chin grayish-white ; under plumage yellow, clear and bright on the abdomen, with the breast greenish; bill black; feet brown. Length 4| in. ; wing 2§ ; tail 2| tarsi y 9 ^. Habitat. Bogota. Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No. 47105, Two specimens are in the collection presented to that Institu- tion by the Hon. A. A. Burton. 5. Ulyiozetetes risfipenni$. The plumage above is of an olivaceous-brown, with the margins of the feathers light dull rufous ; the top of the head is black, with a con- spicuous crown spot of bright orange ; the crown is encircled with a rather narrow band of white, connecting on the hind head, and just meeting in front at the base of the upper mandible; lores and sides of the head, including the eyes, brownish-black ; tail feathers umber- brown, all of them have both webs bordered with cinnamon-red ; the primary and secondary quills are bright cinnamon-red on both webs, except on a small portion of their ends, where they are umber-brown, of which color are the tertiaries and the middle and larger wing coverts, and all of them are conspicuously margined with cinnamon-red ; throat white, with a very slight yellowish tinge; under plumage and under tail coverts bright clear yellow ; there is a brownish spot on each side of the breast; bill and le^s black. Length (skin) 6^ in. ; wing 3 T ^ ; tail 2 J ; bill ^-g- ; tarsi f. Habitat. Vulencin, Venezuela. Type in my collection. traders of sorm New South American Bird*, Ti. amen is from one of the collections made on the re- pedition to South America for scientific explorations, of which Prof. Jas. Orton was the head, and by whom it was pre- me. The collections in Venezuela were made by M. asm W". B. Gilbert and R. II. Forbes, of Williams College. above bird was obtained by the latter gentleman. /,'- larks. The character which most distinguishes this species from all others is the greater extent of rufous coloring on the wings and tail ; besides, the bill is much larger and stouter. .!/. i n/throptt ruSj Lafr., the type of which is in the Mus. of the Boston Soc. of N. II. (and which seems to be a valid species, though I believe it is not generally recognized as such), comes nearest to the present bird in the rufous character of the quill -, but that has the wing coverts olivaceous, with very narrow, paler i not at all red ; the tail is olive-brown, with- out any red; the <-<\j<-> very narrowly paler or light greenish- olive. The locality given is " Brazil." O. Rlyiozetetea inornatus. CTpper plumage light-brown, scarcely olive; crown, Bides of the head. and lower part <>f the hind neck, of a line deep brown; the feathers of the crown are much elongated; there is no bright crown Bpo1 ; a broad and conspicuous white hand occupies the front, the Bides of the crown and the hind bead : the winga and the tail are of a rather lighl umber brown, with n<> indications of rufous margins; the wing coverts are colored like the back, and are also of an uniform color; the throal is white; under plumage and under wing coverts brighl yellow ; inner margins of quills very pale yellowish ; bill black, the under mandible brownish at base; tarsi and toes brownish flesh-color. I ngth (akin) 8| in.; wing 3$; tail 8J ; bill ,'',.. ; tarsi ,. Habitat. Valencia, Venezuela. Type in Museum of Vassar College. I I W. B. Gilbert, A.ng. L867. /.' Tins appears to be an adult bird, but with no ■ . colored crown spot, but has a lengthened crest, and is idly white on the sides of the crown ; the color below is not BO 1 • and the bill is narrower. with Notes on other rare or little known Species. 269 7. Lesbia orloni. r Male. Entire upper plumage and wing coverts of a rich glossy pur- ple ; the concealed bases of the feathers are green ; upper tail coverts similar in color to the back, but marked centrally between the purple and green with crimson ; the tail feathers are brownish black, except the two central, which are green ; the ends of the eight middle feathers are largely marked with a deep vinous bronzy crimson, most in extent on the short central feathers ; the long outer feather on each side ends with obscure bronzy green ; the outer edge of the lateral feather is buff for three-quarters its length from the base — this color occupying only about one-third the width of the web ; the under surface of the tail is steel blue, bronzy at the ends of the feathers ; the shafts of the two long lateral feathers are whitish at base for about half their length ; wings brownish purple ; the throat gorget is of a brilliant metallic pale green ; the sides of the neck, breast, upper part of abdomen and sides are of a shining green ; lower part of abdomen ashy buff; bill and feet black. Length (skin) 5f in. ; wing 2^ ; tail, lateral feathers, 3 T 7 ¥ ; short central feathers l T *g-; bill \. Habitat. Quito Valley, Ecuador. Type in Museum of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. It is very gratifying to me to introduce this remarkably fine species, bearing the name of my friend Prof. Jas. Orton, of Vas- sar College, whose large collections in various branches of Nat- ural History, made in Ecuador and on the Upper Amazon, have proved of great scientific value. Remarks. The single specimen above described was sent to Prof. Orton (since his return from Ecuador) from the Quito Val- ley, where it is said to be rare. It is of the same form and dimensions as Lesbia gbjceria, Bonap., as illustrated by Mr. Gould in his plate of that species (Mon. of Trochilidse), except that the outer tail feather is narrower — being apparently about two-thirds the width given in his figure. They are clearly allies, and should be classed together. Mr. Gould puts glyceria in Cometes, as hav- ing more affinity to that genus, on account of its broad tail feathers, which are narrow in Lesbia. The outer tail feather of the bird before me is about intermediate in width between gly- DECE.MBEB, 1S69. 18 Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX. iractert New South American Birds, a and Lesbla amaryllis. In both glyceria and ortoni the tail - - than in members of ( or Lesbia. The bill is not . but is like that of /. ibia. Perhaps the ould be placed in a new genus. The upper color- . - - • what like that of Ramphomicron microrhyn- - ol a lighter shade and less shining. In the under plumage it resembles L. amaryllis, bul the breast is of a darker ire uniform in color, as the bud' bases and edges of the - are less apparent. The gorgets of amaryllis and ortoni much alike in color and extent. 8. Accipiter nigroplumbens. T i itire upper plumage, with thai of the neck, breast, and sides, are blackish plumbeous, the color on the under surface scarcely lighter; chin and upper pad of throat of a dull ashy plumbeous; abdomen «lark brownish cinnamon ; thighs and nnder tail coverts plumbeous like the breast, but with an intermixture of dull cinnamon; tail above pale umber brown, crossed with four broad black bars; underneath it is of a clear gray, with dark brown bars; the ends of the feathers arc white; wing coverts and tertiaries the color of the back, the latter marked with concealed spots of white; the larger quills are dark brown re, with darker indistincl bars; the quills underneath are marked with blackish liar-, alternating with white one- at their bases, and gray • toward- their end-: the under wing covertsare of a dull ru-t color, with obscure narrow blackish bars; bill blackish horn color, the tooth edged with white; tarsi and toes pale yellow. I lurth quill longest, second and seventh equal, the first one and a quarter inches shorter than the second ; tarsi verj -lender. Length (skin) LOj in.; wing6|; tail 6; tarsi \l\ middle toe and claw I . llii'iiit. Quito Valley, Ecuador. Type in Museum ofVassar I It came in a small collection sent to Prof. Orton (together with , and BUbmitted to me for examination. It /.' I have endeavored faithfully to identify this with but with. mi , dimensions arc ■ lose of the male .1. ventralis (P. X. S.. 1866, with Notes on other rare or little known Speci* 8. 271 p. 303), since figured (Exotic Orn., Part II., Jan. 1S67), but the coloring below is very different. Of this last species I have a female from Bogota, which agrees quite well with the descrip- tion of the specimen, mentioned by Scl. and Salv. (Exot. Orn.) as beinsr in the British Museum. The feathers of the sides and thighs are of a clear rufous; the breast is paler and duller, on which there are whitish transverse markings. The under tail coverts are nearly white. It measures, length 12 in. ; wing 8; tail 6| ; tarsi 21. Notes on rare or little known Species. 1. Icterus anratus, Bonap. Since the completion of my ''List of a Collection of Birds from Northern Yucatan," Prof. Baird sent me two specimens of an Icterus belonging to that collection, which had been overlook- ed. They were also submitted to Mr. Cassin after he had finished his monograph of the Icterid^e. He considered the species to be undescribed; but I am of the opinion that, had he carefully examined it, at the time of investigating for his Monograph, his conclusion would have been different, and its true position would have been assigned it. It is without question, I think, Icterus auraiuSf Jhnap., Consp. Av. 1, p. 435, as it agrees with the de- scription of that species, and for which the same locality is given, viz., Yucatan. The bird to which Mr. Cassin has applied this name, is a spe- cies that has generally been confounded with I. xanthomas, and does not answer Bonaparte's description in Consp. Av., as I will presently point out. I think Mr. Cassin was misled, in part, by taking it for granted that the specimen which Bonap. states (Compt. Rend., 1853, p. 835) is in the Brussels Museum, when speaking of the species confounded with xanthornus, is one and the same as /. aura tits of his Consp. A v., a specimen of which he also says is in the Brus- sels Museum. I infer that he means two distinct birds, as he 272 ' vracteri V yo South American Birds, makes no allusion in Comptes Kcndus to his previous description in (' A v. of /. auratus, which he surely would have done had he considered them identical. lescription is as follows : — •• [ctcroa auratus, Du Bus, Mus. Brux. es Yucatan. •• Flavo-aurantius : gula late, alia, caudaque nigra; tectricibus alarum minoribus flavissimia; mediis, remigibusque albo-marginatus ; rostro brevi, crassiculo, recto." The following description is that of the Smitlisonian specimen from Merida, Yucatan, No. 30,S35: Male. General color reddish orange ; the feathers of the neck and back have their ends dusky ; lores, feathers at base of under mandible, chin and throat black; tail and wings black; bend of the wing and smaller wing coverts orange yellow, the feathers edged with black; the middle coverts are largely marked with white, greater coverts with white on their outer webs at the end ; quill feathers margined with white; under wing coverts yellow; bill black, the under mandible pluml us at base; tarsi and toes black. Length 8 in.; wing 3§; tail 8| ; tarsi g. It will be seen that it has essentially the characters of the orange coloring, and the white middle wing coverts which apply I i /. ,111 ruins. rte deeper orange-yellow, the middle wing coverts conspicu- ously ending in white, and its more restricted throat patch, are marked points of difference between this and the bird considered to be auratus by Mr. Cassin, which is of a lighter, less orange- yellow, with the black of the throat continuing on the breast, and with no white on the middle wing coverts, but it has a rather narrow edging of white on the greater coverts. This agrees with Bonaparte in Compt Rend, of "ailea d'un noir de jais, et presque b The Smithsonian specimen, marked " /. auratus" by Mr. -in. is from Ed. Verreaux, and labelled " Icterus xa/nihornus ; I. Mexicanue, Bp. M. 8. plus grand," and from li Msxique." The locality oi Mexico, I think, is questionable. I have Trinidad and St. Martha, and doubt its inliabit- ' the Isthmus of I >arien. with Notes on other rare or little known Species. 273 According to Bonaparte (Compt. Kend. as above) this species should be called I. nigrogularis, Hahn, V. t. 1. Mr. Cassin doubted this being the bird described by Hahn, as he places his name as a synonym of I. xanlhornus with a ? The length (7 in. 4 lines) given by Hahn agrees best with I. xanthornus. The other measures fully 8A- inches, and is larger in all its other proportions. Hahn says in his description: "The upper and lower part of the back, &c, brilliantly yellow." It then would seem the middle of the back was not so. In this it also agrees with I. xanthornus, which has that part tinged with green ; besides, he states it to be Oriolus xanthornus, Gm. From his plate but little can be judged. It is, to be sure, of an uni- form yellow on the back, but that may be the fault of the color- ist. The description and dimensions, I think, are all that need, be considered. After a due consideration of all the facts. I think Hahn's name should not be adopted for the larger bird, but as Bonaparte in Comptes Rendus points out very clearly the differences between the two species, in my opinion its proper designation is Icterus nigrogularis, Bonap. The name of Mexicanus, aside from being inappropriate, seems to have no special claim for its adoption. Hahn's figure and description were taken from a specimen in the Munich Academy of Science, an inspection of which would surely determine whether it is the larger or smaller species. 2. Todirostrum pliiinbeum. (Gm.) S. N. 1, p. 444. The plumage above is grayish plumbeous, the lores, front, and crown, as far as on a line with the back part of the eye, black; tail black; the outer web of the lateral feather with its tip and also that of the next white ; smaller wing coverts colored like the back, the middle and larger coverts black, edged with white; quills brownish black, the secondaries narrowly and the tertiaries more widely bordered with white ; entire under plumage creamy white ; under wing coverts and inner edges of quills white ; bill black, the under mandible whitish horn-color below ; tarsi and toes brownish black. •j~ \ New South American Birds, The tail is graduated, the first outer feather about three-quarters the jth of tli" longest, the next intermediate. I in. : wing 1 | ; tail \\ ; bill ,'■' ; tarsi |. Habitat. "G iti, < luayana, Venezuela." ■; in m v collection. [\ was kindly presented to mc by l>r. R. P. Stevens, our fel- ight a c m of birds from near the ility above given, where he was superintending an important 1-mining enterprise. /.'■ This is without doubt the Plumbeous Tody of Latham, from whom Gmelin compiled his description, and it :. to bave escaped observation since that time. The only recent notice 1 find of it is in Bonaparte's Consp. A v. under ■rum, where he has "quid Todus plumbeus, Gm. ; Todv- rum plumbeum. Gray;" it was therefore unknown to him. As will be seen, it agrees closely with Latham's description. lb : " Bill like Cinereous Tody? On comparing the bills of the t v. - they are strikingly alike. Ti imen came in spirits, to which is possibly due the iloring of the under parts. Ti. . by Latham is Surinam. \\. Brarhygatba Ingnbris. (Sw.) In the collection made in Venezuela (on Prof. Orton's expedi- tion) by Mr. W. l'>. Gilbert, I find a specimen of Brachygalba obtained at Valencia, which I think is Galbula lugubris, Sw. < An. Men., p. 829). No Sped n of it appears tO have come under the notice of any naturalist since he described it in L833. In Jardine'a Contributions to Ornithology, 1852, Mr. Sclater Galbula inornata (afl ds placed in Brachygal which i by some ornithologists to be the same as I Mr. S pnopsis of GalbulidcB, published in l v e.">, I this ti: jies Swainson in- ribe under the name of G. lugubris, An. in Men. re two v< able points in which his de- with JWotes on other rare or little known Species. 275 scription docs not agree with the present bird. First, he states that it is a three-toed species; secondly, that the ' lower part of the body and vent are ivhite. 1 Now here we have four toes and a black vent. Cabanis, in the third volume of Schomburgk's Reiseti in British Guiana, identifies the present bird with Swain- son's ; but the examples in the Berlin Museum do not appear to have been of Sir R. Schomburgk's collecting, but to have been received from Venezuela. I cannot help fancying that Swain- son's bird is different from the present, and remains still to be re-discovered" The bird now before me seems to verify Mr. Sclater's conclu- sion that Swainson's bird was to be re-discovered. It has the essential requisite of a white vent, and agrees so well with Swainson's description in all other particulars, that I think their identity hardly admits of a doubt. The only discrepancy to reconcile is that of its having four toes, instead of three; the hind toe is quite small, and in a hasty examination might be overlooked, or possibly^kave been wanting in Swainson's speci- men from some organic cause. The specimen before me has the head, upper part of the back, the breast, and sides of a rather light brown ; the lower part of the back, the wings, and central tail feathers are of a glossy light green, with a purplish tinge ; the throat, middle of breast and abdomen, vent, bend of the wing, and bases of quills are white ; the abdomen is blotched w 7 ith deep bright rufous ; there is a postocular stripe of pale ashy rufous, which connects with an imperfect collar of the same color over the hind neck ; bill black. It measures, length 6J in. ; wing 2f ; tail 2i-; bill If. This specimen is now in the Museum of Vassar College. Its lighter brown coloring, the decided green of the back from the junction of the wings downwards, as well as of the wings and tail, the white under tail coverts, and its longer and narrower bill, show its distinctness from inornata. I have specimens of inornata from the Xapo, and it was also brought by Dr. Stevens from Venezuela. ft On the h s Applied to Pisidiwn, XVI. On tht Names Applied to Pisidium^a Genus of Corbicu- l'.v Tkmim.k PatKK Load September 5l)i. 1369. The . Hum was characterized by CPfeiffer* in L821. 1'iitil the year 1 V <»1 the species belonging to this genus were iws: By Mullerf (1774) under Tellina, by Sco- polij (1777) under Sphxrium, by Poli§ (1791) under Oardium, and by Draparnaud| (1801) under Qyclaa {Sphcerium). 1 Bhall now review what has been done since that time. Phygemoda. In 1820 Rafinesque^f divides the OorbiculodoB into four subge- i. and places the Bpecies of Pisidium under the bead of the Bubgenus Physemoda, which he characterizes thus: — "One intermediary tooth in one valve; shell somewhat trans- jal." Etafinesque's arrangement has never been adopted; the charac- are insufficiently expressed, and are based solely upon the i parts of the animal. Moreover, he is unfortunate in the ii of one of the two Bpecies winch he as types of his Bubgenus, namely, I u lacu&tru, which is a Sphwrium. <»alih'ja. Thi ■ to bi' much uncertainty concerning this name. Dean -"-1 i places it under the synonomy of Pisum (Pis- .and n lit as having been described (1889) in the lenza Zoologica.ft He also quotes Philippi.ft Des« irth< r j inder the synonymy of Pisum I Pisidium) ' '■■■ et Nat, t., 819. Bril Ifni Oat Oonohlf, ! ' I Ironso Coita, 1889. I alllppl, Boom. Y...II. sh-ii. II. 214, 1844 I '" ' ' "• . Brit Slus. (at. ConohiC, 2*79. a Genus of Corbiculadce. 277 pulchellum, a certain Galileja ienebrosa (da) ? Costa, which, on the authority of Philippi, is supposed to have been described in the Corrispondenza Zoologica. On consulting Philippi I find only the following reference ; it is in the addenda : "Synonymis P/s/c?n fontinalis, Galileja ienebrosa, Costa, Corrisp. Zool., etc." Gray* (1847) places Galileja under the synonymy of Pisum (Pisidium), but refers to it as having been described in 1846, without, however, quoting any authority. Pisum. Gray f (1847) is the first who applies this name to Pisidium, on the supposition that the genus characterized as Pisum by Megerle;}: von Miihlfeldt (1811) was identical with it, and must consequently, by virtue of the laws of priority, supersede it. An examination of Megerle's description, and of the author- ities referred to by him. sets this question at rest, and shows, without a doubt, that the authors who have adopted the name of Pisum for Pisidium have been in error. Megerle, in his description of Pisum, says: "The hinge has {keine Seitenzahne) no lateral teeth." To any one at all familiar with the characters of Pisidium this remark is conclusive. Megerle further quotes two authorities, as describing the type of his genus (Pisum Gallicum), Linnaeus and d'Argenville. On an examination of the reference in Linnaeus,§ we find Tellina Gallica. The description of this species throws no new light on the question further than that it is stated as having " dente solitario." We are, however, referred to another authority, which is the same as quoted by Megerle, namely, d'Argenville. D'Argenville || gives the following description and figure of the shell referred to by * Proc. Zool., Lond., xv., 18o. \ Proc. Zool., Lond., xv., 184. % Mag. G-esell. Naturf., Berlin, v.. 67. § Gml. Syst. Nat. 305, spec. 88. | D'Argenv. Conchy!. 285, pi. xxvii., f. xi., 1772 and '92. 378 On "'■ \ ■ u.s Ajyilii J i<> P 'ixidium, Megerle and Linruvus : " Eine etwas ungcstallte Kammuschel, obnc Olnvn von beideD Seiten abgezeichnet. Sic ist urspriinglich axis dor Marne and sehr gemein. Doeli konnte sic wohl aus dem Pluss nicht eigentlich, sondorn aus dem Meer hineingefiihret worden seyrj." With these facts* before us it is not pos- sible to suppose that Megerle in describing Pi nu proposed establishing a genus similar to Pisidium. Deshayesf and II. and A. Adams X both adopt Pisum for /' ridium. ITIiisculiiim. During the years 1806-8, II. F. Link published a series of catalogues of the collections of the University of Rostock, to wit: I '■ jchreibung § der Naturalien; Sammlung der Universitat zu Ros- tock, yon I >r. II. F. Link, Rostock. Gedruckl b] Adlers Erben. Erete Ahtheilung; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 180G (p. 1-48). Zweite Al.th. : zum Osterfest, d. 29 Marz 1807 (p. 49-98). Dritte Abth.; zum Pfingsfest, d. 17 Mai 1807 (p. 99-165). Vierte AJ>tb.; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1807 (p. 1-30). Fttnfte Al.th. : zum Osterfest, d. 7 April 1808 (p. 1-38). - lute Al.th. : zum Pfingsfest, d. 6 luui L808 (p. i 38). I >mparatively few copies of this work were distributed. The greater part seem to have remained in the Btores of the Univer- sity. Oken is the only naturalist who Beema to have had any acquaintance with these publications, until they are mentioned . Hei rmannsen. || In the third of these catalogues, Maw L 807, page L52, Link • l • n my province to determine what d'Argenville's shell actually is— it ely my intention t<> Bhow thai it does not belong t<> tl i>- genus Pisidium. to venture an opinion, 1 should Bay ii waa a foasil. As for its irine living shell, n« is hinted, it ia hardly possible, when vre reflect thai Marne dot tP a point more than one hundred miles * Bril '•' ictait, 220 1854 (H.i ad A. A. I.. Gk a. Bee Moll, I! . 660, U Pi / Lou . cb 228, I J51 : and the Vol. for . IfaJ i'r mord . L846-T. a Genus of Corldculadai. 279 establishes the genus Musculium, under the following description : " Sumpfershale. Die Schalen gleich, rund, sehliessen iiberall. Das Schloss mit zwei kleinen Zahnen, ohne Seitensdhnen ; Vor- der-und Hinterspalte ziemlich gleich ; das Band auswendig. M. lacustre {Tellina), Gra. p. 3242 ; Ch. vi., f. 13, f. 135." The species referred to by Link as typical of his genus (Sphce- rium lacustre) places Musculium under /Sjjhceriian, and not under Pisidium, as stated by Iierrmannsen.* Link, in his description of Musculium, commits a grave mis- take in asserting the want of lateral teeth — a character existing in no European fresh-water bivalve. Prof. Morch attributes this error to a misprint. H. and A. Adams \ adopt Musculium in the early part of their work, but eventually it is changed to Pisum. Etiglesa, Pera, Cordula. These three genera were published for the first time in ^1852, though Leach established them 1818-20, on specimens in the British Museum. In the description of Euglesa, Leach says : " The umbones are central, or situated a very little behind the middle of the shells ; " and that " The tracheal tubes are exserted." Pisidium being inequilateral and having but one tracheal tube, the species of Euglesa cannot be referred to it, but must be classed under Spkcerwm. Jenyns,§ Bourguignat ;| and Deshayes ^[ differ with me, and have placed the single species of this genus, E. Henslowiana under Pisidium. Pera and Cordula, from the descriptions given, are simply synonyms of Pisidium. * Proe. Zool. Lond., xix., 232, 1851. In several of my papers on the Corbicu- ladie I have made the mistake of mentioning Gray's name in connection with Mus- culium instead of Herrmannsen's. \ H. aud A. Ad. Gen., Rec. Moll, II., 1858. % Leach, MolL Brit. Synop, edit. Gray, 291, 292. § Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr., vi., 1832.,. \ Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854. 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif., 274, 1854.] 280 List of th \ of Mollusea found in flic X \ 1 1 . — List of ft s r MOLLU SC a found in the Vicinity of North Oonway, New Hampshire. By Temple Prims. Read December 8th, 1SC9. I am induced to give the following to the public, from the fact that I have not been able to discover any account of the Mollusea of New Hampshire, and in order, moreover, to con- tribute to our knowledge of the distribution of our Mollusea. In the enumeration of the land shells, the system I have fol- lowed is the one recently adopted by Messrs. Binney and Bland,* though I have retained the old generic names. Family IIkltcid.k. 1. Helve arborea, Say. Common. 2. Helix viridulaf Menke (electrina, Gould). Pfeiffer (Mon. v. 147 1 has both tli" above specific names in the synonymy of H.pura, Alder. Moderately abundant. 3. Helix !h. ntition of MoU\ UDcini (the fourth, fifth, and twelfth) to show variations in l rin : also the thirteenth tooth in profile. . narrow, slightly arched, blunt at ends, with a it. broad, median projection. There is a long, narrow, coni- Bpringing upwards from about the centre of tin: anterior sui ol the jaw, of the same color, material, and con- the jaw itself. This is not the muscular attachment ■win 'i adheres to the jaw after it has been extracted. Jaw Lh delicate distant longitudinal 6trisB. Zoiiitc* laevigata, 't'r. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part [., p. 287. The wood-cut here given was engraved from a drawing Pig. ■!. Lingual dentition of Zonitea laevigata, I'fr. by Dr. Leidy, prepared for, but oot published in, the "Terrea Mollusks of the United States." The drawing was at once zed on our recently obtaining the lingual membrane of . Teeth 17.1.17. arranged incurving transverse rows. Centrals ■ i it. rounded at Bides, square at base, apex with three short and pointed cusps, the middle one longest. Laterals long, narrow, , pid, I ie outer cusp very short and sharp, the central cusp bulging at sides, tapering to an acute point ; • i -j. ale long as central cusp, narrow, pointed; third irth laterals merging into the uncini, which are acul< . to the genera Zonites and Tlyalina. The centrals are . plate, whose four aides curve rapidly inwards, on plates long, narrow, curving outwards in manii' i . Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 285 An extremely instructive lingual, showing the merging of laterals into uncini more completely than in any we have previ- ously examined. Yei'onicelln Floridana, Binney. (Terr. Moll. U. S., II., p. 17.) On p. 306 of Land and Fresh- water Shells of North America, Part I., we figured the lingual Fie. 5. Lingual dentition of Veronioella Floridana, Bin. dentition of this species, as drawn by Mr. Morse. We now give a figure drawn by Dr. Leidy for the " Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States," but not included in that work. The details of the separate teeth are mueh more accurately shown in the new figure. It will be noticed that Dr. Leidy gives 5S.1.5S teeth, Mr. Morse 41.1.41, and our text (p. 304) 48.1.48. Limax flavus, Linn. A figure of the lingual dentition of this species, drawn b} r Dr. Leidy, is also given, for comparison with that of Mr. Morse, on Fig. 6. Lingual dentition at Limax flams, t,. p. 63 of Land and Fresh-water Shells, Part I. Here also the num- ber of teeth varies, as in VeroniceUa Floridana, described above. ton Lingual Dentition of MoUvsca. Tichiiiipu* bidentatus, Say. T - :imen which furnished the lingual membrane figured I at Newport, R. I., by Mr. Sam. Powel. I'm;. 7. Ungual dentition of Melampna bidentatus, Bay. Lingual membrane broad. r l\-ctli 33.1.33. Centrals small, upri^'nt. with rounding base and bulging sides, reminding one somewhat of the ace of clubs, its apex elongated, terminating in jtinct, acute denticle; this central is attached to a very large triangular plate, greatly expanded above. Laterals uniform, larger than the centrals, of the same shape, but less symmetrical, and with a much more extended and narrower basal projection ; se laterals are perpendicular, but are attached to obliquely curving plates, long and narrow, each plate being detached. There are about thirteen of these laterals, in almost straight hori- zontal lines, on both sides of the median line. Theuncini change abruptly from the laterals, ate m oblique rows, are attached to n pi; oblong plates, square at top and base, diminishing as tin v pass oil' laterally ; the uncini arc rather square, their broad, simple apices are armed with three stn enticles, the inner denticle In-MIL' the ; Th'- I; its tWO rOWfl Of Centrals with the laterals to it o| the median line ami a few nm-ini. The upper line . ,f the central, the grsl two laterals, one of the uncini, and oi n profile, all detached. I' i teeth of this membrane are so nearly on a plane as to allow ph to bring out all the details. Notes on Lingual Dentition of MoIIusca. 287 Helicina occulta, Say. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 00.5.1.5.00, in transverse, arching rows. Centrals upright, longer than wide, widest at the horizontal base, slightly narrowing towards the apex, which is nearly as wide as the base, broadly recurved and Fio. a Lingual dentition of Helicina occulta, Say. denticulated at its cutting edge. First lateral oblong, shorter than the central, rounded at base, narrowed towards the apex, which is broadly recurved and denticulated ; this lateral is in- clined obliquely from the central, its apex being reflexed in the same direction. The second lateral resembles the first lateral in every particular, but is much less wide. Third lateral perpendi- cular, longer than broad, triangular, its apex small, reflexed and denticulated. Fourth lateral very long, irregular, jaw shaped, its lower edge for one-half its length furnished with four strong, large, acute, beak like denticles; the left end of this lateral is produced in a horizontal direction, at right angles to the direction of the balance of the tooth, is excavated above and below, and in some instances appeared to have a wing-like expansion behind the uncini. Fifth lateral quite small, subcircular, its apex broadly refleeted and denticulated, the whole tooth fitting into the upper excavation of the horizontal portion of the fourth tooth. The uncini, more than twenty-five in number, are long, slender, crowded, the apex reflexed and continued in three fringe-like denticles. There seems to be great uniformity in the teeth of the different 288 V Lingual Dentition of MoUusca. trail . but there are in some instances live beak -like denl i the fourth lateral. It is difficult to follow this tooth behind the crowded uncini, but we are confident that in some es it is very much more expanded than shown in the hling a gull's wing. The first beak-like denticle on the same plane as the upper portion of the th; the other three are on the same plane as the* lower por- : this is shown in the figure by the line running parallel to upper edge of the tooth. The apex of the first denticle 3 ofl i to be recurvt d. The fifth lateral is with much difficulty found under the microscope. It is on a different plane from the other teeth, and srowded into the excavation in the fourth lateral. It seems i wholly filled up with foreign matter, not being as readily Hied as the other teeth, even in a solution of potash. The whole lingual is a very difficult study, and requires numerous views to bring out the details of its structure by pho.to- phy. It is owing only to the. untiring perseverance of Mr. Powel that we are able to illustrate it satisfactorily. Fig. 8, b } shows the central and one-half of one transverse row of the laterals, with two uneini only. The balance of the unci tti Curve rapidly outwards and downwards, giving to the entire transverse section of the lingual membrane the usual strongly arched outline. (See Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Pari 1 1 1., fig. 216. i I •. 8, licina orbi- \ comparison of the two figures will show that the differ in their lingual dentition as widely as in their shells. .men from which the membrane was extracted w id living by Mr. E. R. Leland, who gives the following notes station : Notes on Lingual Dentition of Moll u sea. 2S9 '• The locality in wliich I found the Helicina occulta is a fishing station known as Whiteh'sh Bay, six miles north of this city (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), on the slope of the lake bluff, which at that point is somewhat wet and boggy, with a growth of pines, tamaracks, juniper, and some deciduous trees. They were under dead leaves beside logs ; on the 30th of May and 6th of June, 1S69, they were in considerable numbers, though they could hardly be said to be abundant. I have not visited that place since the latter date. On the 19th inst., however, I found a few specimens in a ravine near the lake, about two miles and a half north of the city— making in all some twenty-five specimens found, among which are two young ones with an acute carina." The locality is an interesting one, showing the possibility of a tropical genus existing in a cold latitude. The discovery of Mr. Leland is of far greater importance, however, in proving beyond doubt the fact of Helicina occulta actually existing at the present time. The species is found very plentifully in a fossil state in the post-pleioceneof the Western States, and is generally supposed to be extinct. Dr. Binney has (Terr. Moll. L, 183, 184) argued at length against this opinion, and figured specimens appa